Download List of Vocabulary and Content to Review for Final Exam Spring 2016

Topics for Academic Biology Final Exam
2015 - 2016
Periods 1-4: Final to be taken Friday, June 7th
Period 5: Final to be taken Monday June 10th
This is a comprehensive final exam which means test questions are drawn from material learned
over the entire semester. Preparation is required if you expect to do well.
Resources to use in preparing for the final exam:
 Read the “Chapter Review” provided in your book at the end of
Chapters 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,14,15,16,17
 Go to www.ClassZone.com using your username and password. Use the review
games/materials for the chapters we’ve covered
 Review all tests and quizzes – it is helpful to quiz yourself on the material using your old
Scantrons as an answer key
 Come after school to review previously taken biology exams
 Organize your Notes by date for each unit
 Reread through all your notes at least once
 Make a list of topics you need help with and meet with Miss Soraparu
Chapter 1:
Vocabulary: hypothesis, theory, homeostasis, prokaryote, eukaryote, unicellular, multicellular,
sexual, asexual
Purpose of science
Parts of a controlled experiment (control and experimental set-ups, hypothesis, variables)
Laboratory tools
Characteristics of living things
Branches of Biology
Metric Units
Determining Microscope Magnification
Chapter 2:
Vocabulary: matter, mass, element, compound, ion, isomer, atomic number, bonding (ionic,
covalent, hydrogen), acids, bases, pH scale, polar molecule, hydrophilic, hydrophobic,
monomer, polymer, activation energy, catalyst, enzyme, valence electrons, active site, substrate
Parts of an atom and their charges (proton, neutron, electron)
Know what identifies an atom
How an ion is formed
Difference between Ionic and Covalent bonding
Parts of a chemical reaction/ chemical equation – reactants, products, how atoms are
rearranged to form new compounds
Given a chemical formula, determine the types and numbers of elements
Properties of water (cohesion, adhesion, high heat capacity, solvent, density anomaly)
Monomer – polymer relationships for proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
Identify the fundamental difference between organic and inorganic compounds
Functions of starch, chitin, cellulose, glycogen, glucose, sucrose
Know how to determine if a compound is an acid, base or neutral by its chemical formula
and pH value
Know the factors that can affect enzyme function
Know the four major groups of organic molecules
Chapter 3:
Vocabulary: eukaryotic, prokaryotic, active vs. passive transport, diffusion, osmosis, endocytosis,
exocytosis, phagocytosis, cell specialization, stem cell, phospholipid bilayer, selectively
permeable
Principles of the cell theory
Levels of cellular organizations: cell>tissues>organs>organ system>organism
Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic / animal and plant cell structures and functions
Basic eukaryotic cell structures and their functions
Importance of ribosomes, chloroplasts and mitochondria
Methods of both active and passive cell transport methods
Chapter 4:
Vocabulary: photosynthesis, chloroplast, chlorophyll, cell respiration, mitochondria, ATP,
glycolysis
Know what organisms can photosynthesize
Know what organisms use cell respiration
Be able to identify the chemical equation for photosynthesis
Know the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration
Know when the basic reactants are used in photosynthesis, and the basic products are made
Be able to identify the chemical equation for cell respiration
Know the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Chapter 5:
Vocabulary: Cell cycle, cell division, homologous chromosomes, centromere, mitosis, cytokinesis,
meiosis, sister chromatids, gametes, haploid, somatic cell, diploid, meiosis, crossing over
Purpose of cell division
Four stages of mitosis
Purpose of cytokinesis
Know when chromosomes double in the cell cycle (DNA synthesis)
Know what metastasis is (see Cell Unit notes on cancer)
Know the difference between a benign and malignant tumor
Know the difference between a homologous chromosome pair and a doubled chromosome
Meiosis – purpose, and the different end products produced in males and females Historical
significance of Gregor Mendel
Chapter 6:
Vocabulary: autosomes, sex chromosomes, trait, genetics, Punnett square, genotype, phenotype,
dominant, recessive, heterozygous, homozygous. genes, alleles
Principle of dominance
Principle of segregation
Law of independent assortment
Know how to use a Punnett Square
Know how to determine genotypic and phenotypic ratios
Know the basis of the nature versus nurture controversy
Chapter 7:
Vocabulary: carrier, sex-linked traits, polygenic traits, multiple alleles, codominance, incomplete
dominance, karyotype
Be able to use a Punnett square to determine outcomes of sex-linked trait crosses
Given the type of inheritance pattern, be able to determine the outcome of a cross
Know how a parent can be a carrier of a genetic disease but not express it themselves
Chapter 8:
Vocabulary: DNA, nucleotide, double helix, base pair, nitrogen bases (purines, pyrimidines),
base pair, replication, semiconservative, gene mutations (frameshift and pointsilent/nonsense/missense), mutagen, central dogma, protein synthesis(transcription, translation),
codon, anticodon, genetic code, DNA helicase and polymerase, cloning, recombinant DNA
Know the 3 molecules that make up nucleotides
Know that nucleotides are monomers of DNA
Know what molecules the letters S,P,A,T,G,C stand for
Know that James Watson and Francis Crick are the scientists credited with determining
DNA’s structure
Know Chargaff’s rule for base pairing
Know the process of DNA replication
Know the purpose of transcription and translation
Relationship between chromosome, DNA, gene, allele
Know that translation occurs at the ribosome
Know how to interpret the genetic code for amino acids
Know that not all mutations are bad – they serve as a source of genetic variety and basis for
evolution
Know which enzyme is responsible for forming DNA and “proofreading” for errors in replication
Chapter 9
Vocabulary: Biotechnology, genetic engineering, recombinant DNA, genetic screening, gene
therapy, transgenic organism, GMO’s (genetically modified organisms)
Know what the benefits and concerns of genetically modified organisms are in medicine and
agriculture
Know what characteristic of the genetic code allows bacteria to make a human protein
Know the difference between genetic screening and gene therapy
Chapter 10
Vocabulary: adaptation, artificial slection, natural selection, population, fitness,homologous
structure, analogous structure, vestigial structure
Know the name of the islands on which Darwin based his theory of evolution on
Know what Darwin observed during his travels that led to the development of his theory
Explain how natural selection acts on existing variations
Chapter 11
Vocabulary: gene pool, allele frequency, gene flow, genetic drift, bottleneck effect, founder effect,
sexual selection, convergent, divergent, coevolution
Knowthat genetic variation comes from two main sources: mutation and recombination in meiosis
Know that populations, not individuals, evolve as the pop’s allele frequency changes over time.
*Know the 5 mechanisms that can lead to evolution: Gene flow (immigration/emigration),
Genetic drift (change in allele frequencies due to chance events such as bottleneck or founder
effect), Mutations (create new alleles that result in genetic variation needed for evolution),
Sexual selection, Natural selection.
Know how bottleneck and founder effect can cause genetic drift to occur and reduces genetic
variation.
Know that when gene flow between two populations stops, the populations are said to be isolated.
Know the 4 types of barriers to mating that can lead to reproductive isolation: behavioral,
geographic, temporal and ecological (only in notes/powerpoint – not in textbook)
Know that isolation of populations can lead to the creation of new species
Know that mutation and genetic drift are random events because they cannot be predicted BUT
Natural selection is not random.
Know the difference between convergent, divergent and co evolution.
Chapter 13
Vocabulary: ecology, biotic, abiotic, biodiversity, keystone species, producer, consumer,
autotroph, heterotroph, food chain, herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, detritivore, decomposer,
specialist, generalist, trophic level, food web
List the 5 levels of ecological organization from smallest to largest.
Know relationships that exist between organisms of different trophic levels
Know what the  represents in terms of energy and nutrient flow in a food chain
Identify organism’s trophic level by interpreting a diagram
Apply the idea of carrying capacity to both exponential and logistic growth curves
The information below not required for Biology Spring 2016 semester
Chapter 17
Vocabulary: taxonomy, dichotomous/taxonomic key, species, taxa
Historical significance of Karl Linnaeus
How to write a scientific name
Know the 6 Kingdoms and the shared characteristics of organisms in the same kingdom
Know the two kingdoms Linnaeus originally developed
Know the 7 taxa and the relationships between them
Review the 6 Kingdoms of Life chart we made in class and know:
Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
What organisms have prokaryotic/eukaryotic cells
Which organisms have a cell wall