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Partnership for CanadaCaribbean Community
Climate Change
Adaptation (ParCA)
IRIACC Inception Meeting
2-3 June - Ottawa
Collaborating Organizations
Co-Applicants
• University of Waterloo (Canada)
• Wilfrid Laurier University (Canada)
• St. Mary’s University (Canada)
• University of Prince Edward Island (Canada)
• Laurentian University (Canada)
• CARIBSAVE (regional office in Barbados)
• University of West Indies (Barbados, Jamaica, TrinidadTobago campuses)
• Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (regional office
in Belize)
Collaborating Organizations
Partnering Organizations
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Mi'kmaq Confederacy of PEI
Association of Caribbean States
Ecology Action Centre
Negril Area Environmental
Protection
Caribbean Tourism Organization
Travel Foundation Caribbean
Parks Canada
Environmental Management
Authority
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CDEMA
Coastal Communities Network
Coral Cay Conservation
Caribbean Media Impact
IUCN - Regional Office for
Mesoamerica & Caribbean
Meteorological Service
Environment Tobago
Montego Bay Marine Park Trust
Ministry of Tourism Jamaica
ParCA Organization Chart
Advisory Committee
• Garfield Barnwell (CARICOM Secretariat)
- Director of Sustainable Development.
• Dr. Daniel Lane (University of Ottawa)
- Co-Director of International CURA
project ‘Managing Adaptation to
Environmental Change in Coastal
Communities: Canada and the Caribbean’ (C-Change)
• Linda Morstch (Environment Canada) –IPCC AR4 Coordinating Lead
Author – North American Chapter; co-chair of Canadian Council of Ministers
of the Environment Indicators Task Group
• Dr. David Pearson (Laurentian University) – Co-chair Ontario Expert Panel
on Climate Change Adaptation, Co-Director of the Canadian Adaptation
Community of Practice, expert on science communication to the public
Overall Goal of ParCA
… is to utilize a common community-based vulnerability
assessment (CBVA) framework to integrate scientific and
local knowledge from comparative ‘learning sites’ to
understand the multi-scale socioeconomic, governance and
environmental conditions that shape vulnerability and
capacity to adapt to climate change within and between
(small and medium sized coastal) communities.
Other Specific Objectives
1. address key data gaps (e.g., downscaled climate change scenarios,
high resolution elevation data and sea level rise risk mapping,
social/cultural values mapping) that have been a barrier to accurate
assessment of the vulnerability of climate change and restricted
community dialogue on adaptation…;
2. through the CBVA and associated governance assessment and
community visioning processes …, develop and evaluate practical
local adaptation portfolios (including technological, institutional, and
regulatory options) that address community needs … and, where
relevant, are informed by the adaptation needs of major external
stakeholders (e.g., int’l tourists) and avoid maladaptation;
3. facilitate the ‘mainstreaming’ and ‘scaling-up’ of adaptation into
larger planning initiatives related to sustainable development (e.g.,
tourism planning, integrated coastal management, infrastructure and
disaster management, fisheries and biodiversity) and incorporate local
perspectives and values into governance arrangements, and national
and regional adaptation planning;
4. establish scientific and professional networks and build capacity,
through targeted training in the communities and regions and
mobilization of collective (multi-project) knowledge, empower people
in communities to effectively respond to climate change by
strengthening institutional and governance structures.
Key Research Themes/Questions
1. CBVA Focus:
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How and why are individuals, particular livelihoods (e.g., fishers, tourism
operators/employees) exposed/sensitive to changing environmental conditions?
How does the degree of exposure and sensitivity to climate events differ among
social groups (gender and livelihoods focus) within the community?
What are the future climate-related changes (means, magnitude and frequency of
extremes) expected to affect the community and the environmental systems it
depends on?
What are the probabilities of exceeding critical physical or decision thresholds
in managed systems (e.g., minimum water intake, flood levels)?
How have individuals and community institutions managed (adapted to)
changing conditions?
How have the predominant types of adaptation varied by social groups within the
community and what has been the distribution of benefits and burdens
associated with adaptations?
How sustainable are existing adaptations?
CBVA Focus Continued:
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What options (structural, governance, behavioural) and capacity do individuals
and the community have to deal with future changes?
What are the limits to individual and community adaptation options and what are
the barriers to adaptation at all scales (individual, local, national, regional)?
To what extent are the outcomes from community visioning consistent with
national goals/objectives?
Do planned adaptation strategies avoid maladaptation? Are they sustainable?
To what extent do adaptation strategies that have worked in one community apply
to others?
How can knowledge from comparative case study communities be ‘scaled up’ to
inform national/regional policy?
2. Governance Focus:
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What are the institutional processes (Environmental Assessment, conflict
resolution) and governance frameworks (legal, policy, regulatory-enforcement)
through which adaptation processes are implemented? What are the current entry
points for adaptation?
Who are the current actors (state, non-state) with respect to climate-related
governance? What are the existing strengths and limitations in these approaches?
To what extent are existing institutions and governance arrangements able to cope
with expected impacts (surprises)?
What institutional arrangements (e.g., property rights, existing legislation) facilitate
or constrain adaptation potential?
What are the implications for existing sector-oriented governance arrangements?
What are the vertical and horizontal institutional linkages required to facilitate
adaptation in the context of identified vulnerabilities in the learning sites?
What bridging organizations exist (locally, regionally) to facilitate governance
networks that enhance adaptive capacity?
What conditions would enable more adaptive forms of governance and
encourage multi- stakeholder social learning?
How can equity be enhanced through adaptive governance?
3. Community Visioning-Adaptation Plan Focus:
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How can visually-based risk and adaptation planning tools (e.g,. participatory
GIS, design charettes) facilitate citizen and stakeholder engagement?
What would coastal protection or retreat look like physically from a land use
planning and design perspective?
Are design concepts that emerge from planning design charrettes with local
citizens congruent with other stakeholders that are key to the local economy and
livelihoods (tourists)? Can coastal protection designs pass ‘market test’ with
residents and non-residents (tourists)?
If coastal protection is cost prohibitive for small and medium sized communities,
how can governance structures (particularly planning processes) manage
coastal retreat? What are the equity issues that emerge?
Learning Sites
Learning Site
Jamaica
Negril to Montego
Bay (Northwest
shore)
Trinidad and
Tobago
Plymouth to
Crown Point
(South shore,
Tobago)
PEI
Lennox Island to
Rustico (North
shore)
Nova Scotia
Lunenburg to
Queens (SE shore)
Key features / rationale
· Dependent on tourism economy; dense coastal development
· New marine protected areas / fisheries management regimes
· Low lying areas threatened by SLR
· Experiencing erosion and water supply impacts
· Good baseline information / informed stakeholders –ready to
advance to ‘visioning’ stage of CBVA
· High-value diving and eco-tourism destination
· Reef biodiversity loss critical for fisheries
· Emergent hurricane risk zone
· Conservation institutional arrangements restructuring
· Information poor (regionally)
· Tourism economy and growing non-resident properties
· Experiencing erosion and water supply impacts
· Shellfish aquaculture / changing fisheries
· Very good baseline information / informed stakeholders ready to advance to ‘visioning’ stage of CBVA
· High-value tourism economy, declining fishery
· UNESCO World Heritage Site and related governance
· Depopulation trend
· Information poor (regionally)
Ethical Issues Identified
• With CBVA approach community engagement is the foundation of
the research and adaptation visioning process.
– participation of a full range of community interests, including the most vulnerable
(e.g., aboriginal communities, small-scale fishers or tourism operators, informal
settlements)
– See also Training and Capacity Building
• Beyond the ethical soundness of our core methodological approach,
most of the research team are highly experienced with participatory
in-community field work.
• University / Tri-Council / IDRC ethics protocols for research with
human participants are the standard for the program and training for
graduate students.
Training Plan
• ParCA has made the training of a new generation of Canadian and
Caribbean climate change adaptation scholars a priority.
– Funding for 29 HQP (~ 19 Masters, 6 PhD and 4 Post-Doctoral Fellows)
– Each trainee is linked to a specific ParCA research activity and will also engage in
interdisciplinary work
– Mentoring with distinguished academics (CRCs, Pew Fellows, IPCC experts)
– Guidelines for co-authorship will be established at the outset of the program
• Training aspect of ParCA extends to community professionals.
– In each of the learning sites, community and regional partners (e.g., 5Cs,
CARIBSAVE, ECA, CCN) will be engaged in applied research, including a
partnership agreement with main partner organizations
– Each leaning site has a sponsored Community Adaptation Associate
– Funded ‘community adaptive capacity building exchange’
Expected Outcomes
Beneficiaries Outcomes
Academic
• Advance research methods for adaptation
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Theoretical advances of CVBA
Develop methods suited to communities with limited capacity
Compare and contrast outcomes of top-down SLR vulnerability
studies with bottom-up (synergies)
• Advance knowledge on:
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Characterizing current and future climate-related vulnerability and
adaptive capacity (small-medium coastal communities, sectors)
Improve understanding of adaptation governance - decision making
processes in government, industry, and citizenry
Evaluating adaptation options (against sustainability and
maladaptation criteria)
Improved understanding of the role of planning and design in coastal
adaptation
• Enhance adaptation capacity (esp. Canada, Caribbean)
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Students trained (funding leverages via univ./external scholarships0
New scientific networks established, faculty exchanges
Provide knowledge and tools for furthering education on adaptation
Beneficiaries
Outcomes
Study Area
Communities
• Advance adaptation capacity
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Community adaptation practitioner trained and well networked
Enhanced capacity to conduct further research (suited methods)
and monitor environmental change
Community of practice established with linkages to communities
Community adaptation practitioner exchange completed
Community decision makers briefed and/or engaged in adaptation
Improved public awareness of climate change adaptation
• Adaptation planning initiated/advanced:
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Small-medium
Sized Coastal
Communities
Information base improved
Evaluated adaptation options (against sustainability and
maladaptation criteria)
Improve understanding of governance structures influencing
adaptation planning
Communities prepared to seek implementation assistance
(technical, financial) from high levels of government or ODA
• Advance adaptation capacity
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Community of practice established with linkages to communities
Transfer of knowledge on vulnerabilities and adaptation from
ParCa, C-Change, CCCRA programs
Improved public and decision maker awareness of climate change
adaptation
Mainstreaming of adaptation improved in Canada-Caribbean
Beneficiaries Outcomes
Sectoral,
Parish,
Provincial,
National
Decision
Makers
(Government,
Industry,
NGOs)
• Advance adaptation capacity
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Improved knowledge of sectoral vulnerabilities and specific
(evaluated) adaptation strategies
Enhanced capacity to conduct further research and monitor
environmental change
Community of practice established with linkages to practitioners
Community adaptation practitioner exchange completed
Key decision makers / professional communities briefed on
adaptation
Improved public awareness of climate change adaptation –
innovative knowledge mobilization strategies piloted and evaluated
Leverage training / mobilization funds (with UNDP, IDB)
• Adaptation mainstreaming advanced
• Improve understanding of governance structures influencing
adaptation planning (including key entry points)
• Recommendations for policy and planning interventions for
adaptation
Partnership for CanadaCaribbean Community
Climate Change
Adaptation (ParCA)
IRIACC Inception Meeting
2-3 June - Ottawa
Innovative Features
1. Theoretical development of the CBVA approach, with increased focus on the
role of institutions and networked governance arrangements for adaptive
capacity
2. Improvements over past implementation of the CBVA approach with greater
attention to integration of outcomes into community adaptation visioning
and use of novel design charrettes to define culturally sensitive adaptation
portfolios and strategies … explore the novel challenges associated with
adaptation for visitor based economy (i.e., the needs of international tourists)
3. Critical examination and evaluation of adaptation portfolios against
maladaptation criteria to ensure feasibility and overall incremental benefit
4. Examination of opportunities to situate adaptation planning in context of need
for more fundamental transformations in governance practices (adaptive,
collaborative, multi-level and networked arrangements)
5. Integration of cutting edge natural science (LiDAR, ASTER satellite data) and
downscaled climate change scenario outputs with participatory GIS and values
mapping, to inform community adaptation visioning and design charrettes
6. Strategic emphasis on key tourism-fishery sector linkages of central
importance to learning sites in the Caribbean and Atlantic Canada (and many
other coastal communities worldwide)
7. Innovative knowledge mobilization strategies for a diverse set of audiences
(including youth), such as an on-line Community of Practice, films and
interactive media, and policy briefs to targeted decision-makers and sectoral
leaders. Explore potential for resource leveraging with other partner
projects and end-of-program initiatives (e.g., coastal tourism adaptation
planning workshop with Caribbean Tourism Organization and UN World
Tourism Organization; adaptation planning in World Heritage Sites with
UNESCO)