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Thursday, October 20th, 2011 Similar to 1st and 2nd Conjugation in that it possesses a long stem vowel. 1st Conjugation stem vowel = “-ā”. 2nd Conjugation stem vowel = “-ē”. 4th Conjugation stem vowel = “-ī”; retained throughout present, future, and imperfect tenses but is shortened bef0re vowels and final “t”. Otherwise conjugates like 3rd Conjugation. Audiō = I hear. Audīs = You hear. Audit = He,she, it hears. Audīmus = We hear. Audītis = You hear. Audiunt = They here. Note: Personal endings added to the verb stem “Audī –”; “-u-” retained in 3rd person plural. Audiam = I shall hear. Audiēs = You will hear. Audiet = She, He, It will hear. Audiēmus = We shall hear. Audiētis = You will hear. Audient = They will hear. Note: “-e” = characteristic vowel of the future tense; same as 3rd Conjugation; “-i” stem is retained. Audiēbam = I was hearing. Audiēbās = You were hearing. Audiēbat = She, He, It was hearing. Audiēbāmus = We were hearing. Audiēbātis = You were hearing. Audiēbant = They were hearing. Note: “-ba-” characteristic feature of the imperfect indicative active. Infinitive – Audīre = To hear. Singular Imperative = Audī. Plural Imperative = Audīte. NOTE: Learn the pattern, but also memorize. Conjugates similarly to 4th Conjugation verbs with a few notable differences. The “-i” stem is always short. Imperative ends in short “-e”. Infinitive retains the short “-e” but not the “-i”. Potential source of confusion because the infinitive suggests that the stem ends in “e”. Capiō = I take. Capis = You take. Capit = He/She/It takes. Capimus = We take. Capitis = You take. Capiunt = They take. Note: Short “i” retained throughout. The “u’ is retained in the third person plural; looks like a 4th Conjugation; Distinguished by different infinitive. Capiam = I shall take. Capiēs = You will take. Capiet = He/She/It will take. Capiēmus = We shall take. Capiētis = You will take. Capient = They will take. Note: the stem ending in “-e” indicates the future tense on as in 3rd and 4th conjugation verbs. Capiebam = I was taking. Capiebas = You were taking. Capiebat = He/She/It was taking. Capiebamus = We were taking. Capiebatis = You were taking. Capiebant = They were taking. Note: “-ba-” indicates the imperfect, indicative tense as in all other conjugations Singular Imperative = Cape = Take! Plural Imperative = Capite = Take! Present Infinitive = Capere = To take. Note: Infinitive is similar to 3rd Conjugation (i.e. Agere “to do, act, drive etc.); distinguished from regular 3rd Conjugation verbs by the “i” stem ending like a 4th Conjugation verb. Nom – Ego = I. Gen – Mei = of me. Dat – Mihi = to/for me. Acc – Me = me. Abl – Me = by/with/from me. Nom – Tu = you. Gen – Tui = of you. Dat – Tibi = to/for you. Acc – Te = you. Abl – Te = by/with/from you. Nom – Nos = we. Gen - Nostrum/Nostri = of us. Dat – Nobis = to/for us. Acc – Nos = us. Abl – Nobis = by/with/from us. Nom – Vos = You. Gen – Vestrum/Vestri = of you. Dat – Vobis = to/for you. Acc – Vos = you. Abl – Vobis = by/with/from you. Nom Gen Is = he Ea = she Id = it Eius = of him Eius = of her Eius = of it Dat Acc Abl Ei = to/for him Ei = to/for her Ei = to/for it Eum = him Eam = her Id = it Eo = by/with/from him Ea = by/with/from her Eo = by/with/from it Nom Gen Ei, ii = they Eae = they Ea = they Eorum = of them Earum = of them Eorum = of them Dat Acc Abl Eis = to/for them Eis = to/for them Eis = to/for them Eos = them Eas = them Ea = them Eis = by/with/from them Eis = by/with/from them Eis = by/with/from them Pronouns are used in place of nouns; used in the same way as nouns are used. The nominatives of ego and tu rarely used except for emphasis. The preposition “cum” (with) is followed by a noun in the ablative; but it is attached to the end of the pronoun it modifies (i.e. not cum nobis “with us” but nobiscum “with us.”) Genitives of ego and tu ARE NOT used to indicate possession; possessive pronouns meus, -a, um (my), noster, -tra, -trum (our), tuus, -a, -um (your, sing.), vester, -tra, -trum (your, pl.); declines like magnus, magna, magnum; must agree with noun they modify in gender, number, and case. Genitives of is, ea, id CAN BE used to indicate possession (i.e. eorum/earum = their); do have to agree in gender, number, and case with the thing possessed – cf. p. 69. Is, Ea, Id sometimes used as demonstratives (this, that) but in a less emphatic sense than hic, ille. Formed by adding suffix –dem to is, ea, id. Therefore declines like is, ea, id with the exception accusative singular and genitive plural forms. Can be used as adjectives and attached to nouns; must agree with the noun it modifies in gender, number, and case. Cf. p. 71.