Download Four Types of Organic Molecules

Four Types of Organic Molecules
Importance of Carbon
Although cells are 70-95% water, the rest are composed mainly of ______________________________.
_____________________, ________________________, ________________________, and other
molecules are compounds of carbon bonded to other elements.
Carbon often bonds to H, O, N, S, and P in organic compounds.
Properties of Carbon
Has _________________________________________; can form covalent bonds with ____________
other atoms
Carbon can form _______________________, _______________________, or_________________
bonds with other atoms.
Carbon chains form the ___________________________ of most organic molecules.
Chains can be ____________________, ______________________, or arranged in closed ___________.
Hydrocarbons contain _______________________________________ only, and are hydrophobic. H—C
and C—C bonds are nonpolar.
Hydrocarbons make up fossil fuels, and parts of cellular organic molecules such as fats and
phospholipids.
Organic Molecules are made by cells and contain carbon
4 types of Organic Molecules
1. ______________________________________- used as fuel and building material
2. ______________________________________-energy storage
3. ______________________________________-structure, movement, enzymes
4. ______________________________________-store and transmit hereditary information.
They are _________________________because of their large size.
The largest macromolecules are called ____________________ created by linking smaller subunits called
___________________.
Dehydration
Monomers are ______________together to form polymers through ___________ reactions, which
_____________ _______________.
This process is called dehydration because water is removed
Monomers are linked together by ________________ ________________.
Hydrolysis
Polymers are ____________ apart by_____________, the ____________of __________.
Hydro means water and lysis means to rupture or break apart. You break apart molecules by adding water.
Breaks _________________ ____________________ between monomers.
Hydrocarbons
____________________ are compounds made of only __________ and ____________.
Fill in this chart:
Found in a variety of structures.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Functional group:
Compounds containing functional groups are __________________(water-__________)
There are 6 Functional groups
1.______________ group - a hydrogen bonded to an oxygen
2.______________ group - a carbon linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom
3.______________ group - a carbon double-bonded to both an oxygen and a hydroxyl group
4.______________ group - a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton
5.______________ group - a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms
6.______________ group - a carbon bonded to three hydrogens.
Types of Organic Molecules
1. Carbohydrates (monomer = monosaccharide)
•
Function: used for ______________________, but some of them are used for
structure
• All carbs are in a _________________________ ratio of C:H:O
• The common name for carbohydrates is “__________________________”
• Most carbohydrates (but not all) end in the letters “________”.
• Carbohydrates occur in the form of 1 (mono), 2 (di), or more (poly) rings
There are 3 different types of carbohydrates:
1.
2.
3.
3 different types of carbohydrates:
1. ________________________________________ – simple (one) ring sugars
Usage: give energy ____________________ because they can be _________
_____________________________ easily by the body.
Even so, this energy does ________________________________________ because it is
used up very quickly.
Types:
a. _____________________ – 6 carbon sugar found in blood
b. _____________________ – 6 carbon sugar found in fruit
c. _____________________ – 6 carbon sugar found in peas
2. _____________________________– 2 ring sugar
Made by joining 2 _____________________________________ by process of dehydration
Usage: give energy that lasts a little longer than ____________________________ because the
___________________________________________ (a covalent bond between two
monosaccharides) must be broken before the sugar can be used for energy.
Examples
_________________________ = table sugar (made by Glucose + fructose)
_________________________= milk sugar (made by Glucose + galactose)
_________________________ = malt sugar (made by glucose + glucose)
3. Polysaccharides – _____________________________ sugar (repeating units of
monosaccharides)
Usage: energy storage and as structural components.
Examples:
Energy
 _________________ (plants produce for a storage molecule.)
 _________________ (storage molecule in muscle and liver cells.)
Structural (only 2 carbs we’ll talk about that aren’t used for energy)
 __________________ (plants produce for cell wall construction.)
indigestible because we lack enzymes to break it down.
 __________________ (used by insects and crustaceans to build an exoskeleton.)
2. Protein - Made of a long chain of _____________ ____________linked by
__________________ reactions
Amino acids (monomer for protein)
Have an ________________ group and a _____________________ group. Also they have a
chemical group symbolized by the letter _________.
–Dehydration reaction links the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the next
amino acid. The covalent linkage resulting is called a __________________ ____________.
- Peptide bonds
Peptide bonds are _________________________________ formed by a condensation reaction that
links the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another.
Has polarity with an __________________________ one end (N-terminus) and a ____________
____________________________ on the other (C-terminus).
Has a backbone of repeating N-C-C-N-C-C
Polypeptide chains range in length from a few monomers to more than a thousand, and a unique
linear sequence of amino acids.
The ___ ______________determines if the amino acid is hydrophobic (hates water) or hydrophilic
(loves water).
A protein’s specific ________________ determines its ___________________.
A __________________ chain contains hundreds or thousands of ___________ _________
linked by ____________ ___________.
–The amino acid _________________ causes the polypeptide to assume a particular
_____________, the shape of a protein determines its specific __________________.
Amino Acid sequence = shape = function!
Proteins have many functions
1. __________________________ (support)

_______________ for hair and nails & ________________ for ligaments, tendons, skin
2. _____________________________
Found in muscle cells, enables them to move
3. _______________________ – Proteins that promote chemical conversions, as well as speed up
reactions
Example: _______________ is an enzyme in saliva that breaks starch into glucose monomers.
4. ______________________ across cell membranes

Ex. ______________________
5. ______________________ from infection

Ex. __________________
6._____________ __________

Ex. __________________
7. ________________

Source of food for developing embryos.
Ex. Albumin (egg whites)
Experiences heat coagulation (denaturation)

Protein in seeds
8. ______________________

Built in cell membrane. Transmits signals to the inside of the cell
A protein can have four levels of structure
1. The _______________________________ of a protein is its unique amino acid sequence
2. Protein ____________________________ results from coiling or folding of the polypeptide
held by hydrogen bonds.
– Coiling = ___________________________________ structure
– Folding = ___________________________________ structure
3. The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein is called its ____________________________
_________________________
– results from interactions between the R groups of the amino acids
4. Two or more polypeptide chains (subunits) associate providing __________________________
________________________
Label each level on this diagram
Denature
Protein structure is key to their function
________________________ – a protein ______________________________________
(and consequently its ___________________________) when it is taken out of its natural
range for factors such as temperature, pH, or salinity
3. Nucleic Acids (monomer = nucleotide)
Function: _________________________ material and instructions for making ________________
Two types:
 DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid)
 RNA
(ribonucleic acid)
Nucleotides - _____________________ are the building blocks of _________________
__________.

Have 3 parts:
1. ___________________________________
2. ___________________________________
3. ___________________________________
4 base pairs
There are ___ base pairs:
Nitrogenous bases are

__________________ (A)

___________________(T)

__________________ (C)

__________________ (G)
RNA also has A, C, and G, but instead of T, it has
___________________ (U)
Double Helix
Two DNA strands wrap around each other to form a _____________ ____________.
–The two strands are connected by a _________________ ____________between the base pairs.
–____ pairs with ____
–____ pairs with ____
*U pairs with _________
RNA is usually a ___________ strand
________________ are enough ___________________ to code for the sequence of amino
acids for ______________________________________ (primary structure of proteins).
Genes do not use DNA to code directly.
Genes use an intermediary (RNA).
The DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into the amino acid sequence.
Flow of information:
_____________  ____________  ____________________
4. Lipids
Functions:
_____________________________- fats store twice as many calories/gram as carbs.
Protection of vital organs and insulation in humans and other mammals.
____________________________ make up cell membranes.
_____________________ are often in cell membranes (cholesterol) and make up some hormones (estrogen
and testosterone)
Monomer:
No single monomer for lipids (each type of lipid has its own monomers)
Lipids are _________________________________ – Will not mix with water
Types of lipids:
1. Fats
Fats can be Saturated or Unsaturated.
Saturated –
*
*
*
Unsaturated –
*
*
*
2. _____________________________ - Form cell
membranes
3. _________________________ - cell messengers
examples:
4. ___________________________ - protection and waterproofing