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Chapter 4 Section 1 reg Impact of Geography Most of Greece is mountains & islands, the mountains isolated most Greeks from one another allowing them to develop individually Minoan Civilization Was established in Crete around 2700-1450bc, their palace was set-up in Knossos & they relied on trade on the sea to survive, they had storerooms for oil/ wine/ grain which were items that were paid in taxes, they either disappeared due to a tidal wave or invasion from the Mycenaeans First Greek State: Mycenae Flourished around 1600-1100bc & was made up of Monarchies, the palace was built on a hill & was fortified by a wall, the common people lived scattered around the palace walls, the royal families were buried in tombs that were built into the hill sides, their pottery was found all over the Mediterranean, the most famous military adventure of these people has been recorded in the poetry of Homer this tells the story of how Agamemnon took control of Troy, they fell due to either internal strife/ earthquake/ or invasion Greek Dark Age (black hole in history) After the Mycenaean collapse Greece entered a difficult period of time when the population began to decline due to lack of food production 1100-750bc, the invention & use of iron in Greece helped make weapons & farming tools more affordable in this time of need, they adopted the Phoenician alphabet in the 8th century which made reading & writing easier to learn Homer Illiad story of Troy & Odyssey is the story of Odysseus after the fall of Troy, they used these works as a history of Greece in education Chapter 4 Section 2 Reg The Polis Polis was the Greek word for city-state, at the middle of the gathering place was a hill that had a fortified area on top of it, most city-states had small populations, only free-men could be citizens, they battled in a phalanx Greek Colonies These colonies were independent from the polis that founded them, they set-up colonies to help with trade and to find farmland, people were gaining money from these colonies & wanted political power but were unable to get it because the ruling aristocrats would not allow it Tyranny in the City-States In the 7th & 6th century bc tyrants emerged by seizing power from the aristocrats with force, Tyrants made many improvements to the city’s building structure, Tyranny fell out of favor because it was contrary to Greek ideals and they changed their governments to either democracy or oligarchy Sparta They conquered lands close to them instead of making colonies, they conquered people like Messenians & Laconians and they became helots/slaves, to keep control they made a military state, Spartan men went to military school as children and got out at 20 when they could marry, they stayed in the barracks until they were 30 and served until they were 60, Spartan women were expected to stay fit so they could produce healthy children, they were an oligarchy headed by two kings, 5 ephors controlled education, the council of elders made all the other decisions and consisted of the 2 kings and 28 men over 60, to make their country secure they turned their back on the rest of Greece, They only believed in war and did not allow people to learn anything else like philosophy/ literature/ art/ etc, They were not allowed to travel outside of the country nor were people allowed in the country Athens It was an Oligarchy, there was an assembly of citizens but they had little power, They fell into an economic crisis that left the peasants as slaves because they could not pay taxes, This lead the country to fall into Tyranny under the control of Solon who removed debt, Pisistratus took control and gave the land back to the poor people, Cleisthenes created a council of 500 that was to look over foreign affairs/ treasury/ laws, this created the foundation for Athenian democracy Chapter 4 section 3 Challenge of Persia As Greeks spread throughout the Mediterranean they came into contact with the Persian Empire, Athens defeated the Persians in the battle at Marathon, Xerxes vowed revenge and came with 180,000 troops/ thousands of warships and supply vessels, The Greeks held this force at Thermopylae, They eventually beat them at Plataea Growth of the Athenian Empire After defeating the Persians Athens took leadership of Greece creating the Delian league alliance against Persia, The treasury of this league was initially in Delos and then it was moved to Athens which helped them in forming their empire by giving them extra money Age of Pericles Under the rule of Pericles Athenian direct democracy became deeply integrated into society, every male citizen participated in the governing assembly and voted on major issues, the Assembly met every 10 days 43,000 people were eligible but the amount rarely reached 6,000, ostracism if a person was named called out by 6,000 people or more they were kicked out of the city for 10 years, Under Pericles Athens became ‘The Center of Greece’ The Great Peloponnesian War 431-405bc Athens & Sparta grew to dislike each other and they gained allies, Athens stayed in their walls because they knew they could not beat Sparta in a war, In the second year of the war a plague broke out killing 1/3 of the people in Athens, Athens continued to fight the war for another 25 years, Sparta eventually won and Greece was never controlled by one group again Life in Athens Athens had the largest population in Greece, Most people owned at least one slave, slaves worked in industry/ fields/ cooks/ maids/ public works Economy Based on farming & trade, had to import 50-80% of their food Family & Women Family was made of husband/ wife/children/ slaves, Women could only be seen at religious festivals, Athenian women always had a male guardian father/ husband/ son/ male relative, women were not given formal education, if a woman left the house she had to have a male companion. Chapter 4 Section 4 reg Greek Religion Temples dedicated to gods & goddesses which were the major buildings in Greek cities, Greek religion did not have a body of doctrine (bible) nor did it focus on morality, they had festivals/ rituals/ Olympic games to honor the gods, Had oracles that revealed the will of the gods Greek Drama The basis for modern drama was created by the Greeks, Greek tragedies were written in trilogy form and they dealt with universal themes like good vs evil/ rights of the individual/ divine forces/ human nature, Greek comedy was developed to criticize politicians and intellectuals Greek Philosophy Early on philosophers were trying to explain the universe, Pythagoras taught that the essence of the universe could be found in numbers and music Sophists Traveling teachers in Greece that rejected foolish ideas like Pythagoras, they taught that it was beyond the reach of the human mind to understand the universe so they should spend more time improving themselves, they did not believe in universal rights & wrongs because they felt what is right for one person could be wrong to another, this group was considered dangerous Socrates Believed that the goal of education was to improve the individual so he accepted no money for his teaching, his Socratic method is still used today-> teachers pose questions to students having them find the answer on their own to learn, he was sentenced to death for getting young Athenian boys to think for themselves Plato (student of Socrates) Considered by many people to be the greatest philosopher of Western Civilization, believed in a higher world of eternal unchanging forms that make up reality & only a trained mind can see these things, Plato wrote down his form of government in The Republic because he did not like democracy, believed society should have 3 groups 1) Philosopher King 2) warriors 3) rest, also believed men & women should be equal Aristotle (student of Plato) Did not accept Plato’s idea of ideal forms, believed in observing and examining things, he wrote about ethics/ logic/ politics/ poetry/ astronomy/ geology/ biology/ physics, he also thought government should rationally direct human affairs but he looked for government in existing forms, he liked monarchy/ aristocracy/ constitutional government with constitutional being the best Writing of History Modern history was created by the Greeks, two men are credited for starting history Herodotus & Thucydides Chapter 4 section 5 The threat of Macedonia Greeks viewed Macedonians as barbarians, Phillip II built a powerful army turning Macedonia into a chief power in this region, Athens grew weary of the Macedonians and decided to fight them at the battle of Chaeronea but lost, after this Phillip conquered Greece but then he was assassinated, Phillip II always admired Greece Alexander the Great He took control at 20 but was well prepared by his father, he first conquered Persia as that was his dad’s dream, then he conquered Syria/ Palestine/ Egypt founding Alexandria as the new capital of Egypt, he then headed to modern day Pakistan failing in India planning to go back but dying before he got the chance to get there, He was a great leader & a little reckless trying imitate Achilles, his expansion brought a lot of gold & silver to Greece & Macedonia stimulating their economy, Due to Alexander’s conquest Greek culture spread throughout southwest Asia & the new East but the Greeks also absorbed a little of Eastern culture Hellenistic Kingdoms Alexander created a new age the Hellenistic Era which means to imitate Greeks, after his death his generals his generals fought against each other for power eventually breaking up his kingdom & losing it to the Romans, Alexander wanted conquered groups to take part in the government but his successors only allowed Greeks & Macedonians, Hellenistic rulers encouraged a massive spread of Greek colonist as far as southwest Asia Hellenistic Culture This time period saw advancement in many different subjects throughout especially in Alexandria, the library in Alexandria became the largest in Ancient times with more than 500,000 scrolls Architecture & Sculpture The founding of new cities & rebuilding of old ones presented many opportunities for Greek architects & sculptors to produce Greek work, but sculptors began to change from idealism to realism Literature Writing talent was held in high esteem during this time period, Athens remained the center of Greek theatre where a new type of comedy emerged that avoided political commentary Science Astronomy & Mathematics progressed tremendously during this time, Aristarchus developed the theory that the earth moved around the sun but most people did not accept this idea, Eratosthenes determined the earth was round with a circumference of 24,675 off by 185, Euclid wrote a book about geometry that is still used today, Archimedes the most famous scientist of the time invented pi/ created a water pump to get water out of mines/ built numerous defensive weapons Philosophy Epicureanism & Stoicism strengthened Athens’s reputation as a philosophical center Epicureanism Founded by Epicurus in Athens, believed humans were free to follow self-interest & happiness was the goal of life Stoicism Most popular philosophy of Hellenistic culture & was founded by Zeno, was concerned with people finding happiness, believed you could only find happiness when you gain inner peace by living in harmony with the will of god