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What Is Biotechnology?
What Is Biotechnology?
 Using scientific methods with
organisms to produce new products
or new forms of organisms
 Any technique that uses living
organisms or substances from those
organisms to make or modify a
product, to improve plants or
animals, or to develop
microorganisms for specific uses
Biotechnology ?
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The application of biological organisms, systems or
processes to manufacturing and service industries
The integrated use of biochemistry, microbiology and
engineering sciences in order to achieve technological
(industrial) application capabilities of microorganism,
cultured tissue cells and part thereof
A technology using biological phenomena by copying
and manufacturing various kinds of useful substance
The application of scientific and engineering
principles to the processing of materials by
biological-agents to provide goods and services
Biotechnology ?
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The science of the production processes based on the
action of microorganisms and their active components
and production processes involving the use of cells and
tissues from higher organisms. It was not included
medical technology, agriculture and traditional crop
breeding
The use of living organism and their component in
agriculture, food and other industrial processes
The use of microbial, animal and plant cells or enzymes to
synthesize, breakdown and transform materials
The integration of natural sciences and organisms, cells,
parts thereof and molecular analogues to product and
services
What Is Biotechnology?
 Manipulation of genes is called genetic
engineering or recombinant DNA
technology
 Genetic engineering involves taking
one or more genes from a location in
one organism and either
 Transferring them to another organism
 Putting them back into the original
organism in different combinations
GMO
 GMO- genetically modified organisms.
 GEO- genetically enhanced organisms.
 With both, the natural genetic material
of the organism has been altered.
 Roots in bread making, wine brewing,
cheese and yogurt fermentation, and
classical plant and animal breeding
History
Stages of Biotechnology Development
 Ancient biotechnology
early history as related to food and shelter; Includes
domestication
 Classical biotechnology
built on ancient biotechnology; Fermentation promoted food
production, and medicine
 Modern biotechnology
manipulates genetic information in organism; Genetic
engineering
TRADITIONAL PLANT
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Traditional/old biotechnology
The conventional techniques that have been used to
produce beer, wine, cheese, many other food
TRADITIONAL PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
 breeding
 tissue culture
 inter-specific hybridisation
 mapping phenotypic/biochemical markers
New/modern biotechnology
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New/modern biotechnology
All methods of genetic modification by recombinant DNA
and cell fusion techniques, together with the modern
development of traditional biotechnological process
Areas of Biotechnology
 Organismic biotechnology
uses intact organisms; Does not alter
genetic material
 Molecular biotechnology
alters genetic makeup to achieve specific
goals
 Transgenic organism- an organism with
artificially altered genetic material
What Subjects Are Involved
With Biotechnology?
 Multidisciplinary- involving a number
of disciplines that are coordinated for
a desired outcome
 Science
 Life sciences
 Physical sciences
 Social sciences
What Subjects Are Involved
With Biotechnology?
 Mathematics
 Applied sciences
 Computer applications
 Engineering
 Agriculture
Biotechnology:
A collection of technologies
What is the career outlook in
biotechnology?
 Biotech in 1998
 1,300 companies in the US
 2/3 have less than 135 employees
 140,000 jobs
 Jobs will continue to increase exponentially
 Jobs are available to high school graduates
through PhD’s
The Applications of
Biotechnology
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Medical Biotechnology
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Diagnostics
Therapeutics
Vaccines
Agricultural Biotechnology
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Plant agriculture
Animal agriculture
Food processing
Food products
Industry and manufacturing
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Environmental Biotechnology
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Cleaning through bioremediation
Preventing environmental problems
Monitoring the environment
Plant agriculture
 Crop production and protection
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Genetically engineered (transgenic) crops
Using biological methods to protect crops
Exploiting cooperative relationships in nature
 Nutritional value of crops
 Improving food quality and safety
 Healthier cooking oils by decreasing the concentration of
saturated fatty acids in vegetable oils
 Functional foods
Foods containing significant levels of biologically active
components that impart health benefits
Plant Biotechnology
PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
a process to produce a genetically modified plant
by removing genetic information from an
organism, manipulating it in the laboratory and
then transferring it into a plant to change certain
of its characteristics .
Now use a molecular approach to manipulation:
 molecular markers & mapping
 gene cloning
 plant transformation
pathogen-derived genes
Exogenous genes
(non-plant genes)
bacterial genes
any other organism
Pathogen resistance
Applications:
Herbicide resistance
 transgenic
bioreactors
Delivery systems
Endogenous genes
(Plant genes)
Enzymes in biochemical pathway
Natural resistance genes
Mapping
Gene discovery
(functional genomics)
ESTs, libraries
Silencing, expression
Mutants, arrays
Applications:
markers
transgenic
Marker assisted breeding
Plant improvement
I.Plant Tissue Culture and Applications
A.Plant Tissue Culture
B.Micro-propagation
1.Somatic Embryos
2.Chemicals from Plants
C.Other Uses of Tissue Culture
1.Protoplast Fusion
2.Somaclonal Variation
3.Germplasm Storage
II.Plant Genetic Engineering
A.Plant Transformation
B.Transgenic Plant
What Are Genetic Engineering
Organisms?
 Genetic engineering- artificially
changing the genetic information in
the cells of organisms
 Transgenic- an organism that has
been genetically modified
 GMO- a genetically modified organism
 GEO- a genetically enhanced
organism
Why Change an organism?
 To get desirable traits
 Economic gain
 Increase production
 Disease resistance
How Can Genetically
Engineered Plants Be Used?
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Agriculture
Horticulture
Forestry
Environment
Food Quality
What Are Methods of Classical
Biotechnology?
 Plant breeding- improvement of
plants by breeding selected
individuals to achieve desired goals
 Cultivar- a cultivated crop variety
What Are Methods of Classical
Biotechnology?
 Plant breeding methods;
 Line breeding- breeding successive
generations of plants among
themselves
 Crossbreeding- breeding plants of
different varieties or species
 Hybridization- breeding individuals
from two distinctly different varieties
 Selection
Why Are Plants Genetically
Engineered?
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Resist pests
Resist herbicides
Improved product quality
Pharmaceuticals
Industrial products
What Is AI?
Artificial insemination- the
transfer of collected semen
to a recipient female
What Is a Test Tube Baby?
 In vitro fertilization- fertilization
of collected ova outside the
reproductive tract; Usually in a
test tube
What Is Gender Reversal?
Gender reversal- changing
the sex of an animal
 Very young animals receive
hormone treatments
 Most common among selected
fish species
What Is Gender Preselection?
 Gender preselection- choosing
the sex of offspring
 Sperm sorted before conception
 Sperm sorted on basis of
chromosome differences
 X chromosomes produce female
offspring
 Y chromosomes produce male
offspring
What Is Embryo Transfer?
Embryo transfer- removing
fertilized ova (embryos)
from donor and implanting
in a recipient
 Surgical and nonsurgical
methods are used to remove
and implant
 A quality donor female can
produce more offspring
What Is Multiple Ovulation?
 Multiple ovulation- promoting
increased release of ova
What Is Cloning?
 Clone- new organism that has
been produced asexually from a
single parent
 Genotype is identical to parent
 Cells or tissues are cultured
How Are Hormones Used in
Animal Production?
 Hormone- natural product of glands to
produce a response in another part of the
body
 Released by endocrine glands into blood
system
 Hormones are identified, functions
determined, and isolated
 Used to increase growth and production
rates
 bST- promotes milk production in cows
 pST- promotes lean meat production in
What Is Bioremediation?
Bioremediation- using
biological processes to solve
environmental problems
Biodegradation- natural
processes of microbes in
breaking down hydrocarbon
materials
Biodegradable- capable of
being decomposed by
microbes
How Can Bioremediation Be
Used?
Oil spills
Wastewater treatment
Heavy metal removal
Chemical degradation
What Is Phytoremediation?
Phytoremediation- process
of plants being used to
solve pollution problems
 Plants absorb and break
down pollutants
 Used with heavy metals,
pesticides, explosives, and
leachate
What Is Composting?
 Composting- a process that
promotes biological
decomposition of organic matter
 Compost bin- a facility that
contains materials for
composting
 In-vessel composting- using
enclosed containers for
composting
People in Biotech
Zacharias Janssen
Discovered the principle of
the compound microscope
in 1590
Dutch eye glass maker
What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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Discovered cells
 Developed single
lens microscope in
1670’s
 First to observe
tiny organisms and
document
observations
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Bacteria
Protists
Red blood
What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
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Gregor Johan Mendel
Discovered genetics
Formulated basic laws of
heredity during mid 1800’s
Austrian Botanist and monk
Experimented with
peasStudied inheritance of
seven pairs of traits
Bred and crossbred thousands
of plants
Determined that some traits
were dominant and other
recessiveFindings were
published in 1866
Largely ignored for 34 years
Anton V.L.
Work led to modern
microscopes
Electron microscope
developed in 1931 by
group of German
scientists
What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
 Walter Sutton
 Discovered
Chromosomes
 Determined in
1903 that
chromosomes
carried units of
heredity identified
by Mendel
 Named “genes” in
1909 by Wilhelm
Johannsen,
Danish Botanist
What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
 Thomas Hunt Morgan
 Discovered how genes
are transmitted through
chromosomes
 Studied genetics of fruit
flies
 Early 1900’s
 Experimented with eye
color
 His work contributed to
the knowledge of X and Y
chromosomes
 Nobel Peace Prize in
1933 for research in
gene theory
What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
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Ernst Ruska
Invented the electron
microscope
 Build the first
electron
microscope in 1932
 German electrical
engineer
 Microscope offered
400X magnification
What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
 Sir Alexander
Fleming
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Discovered penicillin in 1928
First antibiotic drug used in
treating human disease
Observed growth of molds
(Penicillium genus) in a dish
that also contracted bacteria
Bacteria close to the molds
were dead
Extracting and purifying the
molds took a decade of
research
Penicillin first used in
1941Penicillin credited with
saving many lives during WWII
when wounded soldiers
developed infections.
What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
 Rosalind Elsie Franklin
 Research led to the
discovery of the double
helix structure of DNA
 Research in France and
England in mid 1900’s
 Her early research was
used to produce an
atomic bomb
 Set up X ray diffraction
lab
 Photographs of DNA
showed that it could
have a double helix
structureSome questions
surround the theft of her
work in 1952
 Including x ray
photographs
What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
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James Watson and Francis Crick
 Collaborated to
produce the first
model of DNA
structure in 1953
 Described DNA
dimensions and
spacing of base pairs
 Had major impact on
genetic engineering
carried out today
What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
 Mary-Claire King
 Mapped human genes for
research of cancer
treatments
 Research into nature of
DNA during late 1900’s
 Determined that 99% of
human DNA is identical
to chimpanzee
 1975 found similar gene
pools between humans
and chimpanzee made it
possible to research
hereditary causes of
breast cancer
What Did These Individuals
Contribute to Biotechnology?
 Ian Wilmut
 Created the first true
clone, the Dorset ewe
Dolly
 Cloning of a sheep
named Dolly in
1997
 Produced from
tissue of an adult
sheep
 Previous cloning
efforts had been
from early embryos
Johan Friedrich Miescher
Swiss Biologist
Isolated nuclei of white
blood cells in 1869
Led to identification of
nucleic acid by Walter
Flemming
Watson
Born in the US
Crick – born in England
Collaborative research at
Cambridge University in
England
Norman E. Borlaug
 Developed wheat varieties
producing high yields
 Research in Mexico
 Semi dwarf varieties
 Developed wheat variety that
would grow in climates where
other varieties would not
Borlaug
Nobel Peace Prize in 1971
Credited with helping
relieve widespread hunger
in some nations
Products of Biotechnology
Products of Biotechnology
 One of the first commercial
products of genetic
engineering was insulin
 E. coli bacteria was
genetically engineered to
produce insulin.
Products of Biotechnology
 BST (Bovine Somatotropin)
 Increases milk production in dairy
cattle.
 BST became available
commercially as a result of genetic
engineering
Animal Feed
Livestock such as cattle are
commonly fed genetically
engineered feed (corn,
grain)
Products of Biotechnology
 Herbicide Resistant Crops
Products of Biotechnology
 Biodiesel - diesel-equivalent,
processed fuel derived from biological
sources.
Biotechnology in Animal Science
 used in determining the
sex and parents of
animals
 Artificial Insemination
allows us to control
genetic input of
offspring.
Biotechnology in Animal Science
 Embryo Transfer – Allows for
cattle to have multiple calves
per year.
Pharming
• Pharming is the
production of
pharmaceuticals in
animals engineered to
contain a foreign, drugproducing gene.
Pharming
These goats contain the
human gene for a clotdissolving protein that
is produced in their
milk.
Biotechnology in Animal Science
Cloning creates a genetically
identical copy of an animal or
plant.
 Plants are often cloned –
cuttings
 Human identical twins are also
clones.
Regulations
 Prior to marketing products
from biotechnology, Companies
works with regulatory agencies
in the U.S. and many other
countries to assess the
products’:
 Safety
 Nutrition
 Agronomic performance.
Ethics in Biotechnology
Why Ethics in Biotechnology
 New technology
 Plurality of moral convictions
 Divergent economic, political, and social
objectives
 Growing sensitivity of the public
 Doubts of the public about internal control
mechanism of scientific institutions and the
scientific community to adequately consider
moral implications of research and its
consequences
 Complexity of ethical issues involved
Bioethics
Bioethics: A discipline dealing with the ethical
implications of biological research and applications
Ethics and Biotech
 Not everyone believes that
biotechnology is going to benefit
us in the future.
 Let nature be… not in God’s plan…
etc…
Concerns
 Unexpected impact on
environment and to other
organisms
 Expanse of G.E organisms
 Safety of foods
 Lack of education
Concerns
Some countries have
banned GMO’s and
others have turned
down food that has
been genetically
modified.
Two Kinds of Ethical Arguments Used to
Evaluate Concerns Over Biotechnology
 Extrinsic objections say the possible
consequences of some biotech
applications are objectionable, but
others may be acceptable
GMOs are wrong because risks
outweigh benefits.
 Intrinsic objections say the process
of biotechnology is objectionable in
itself
GMOs are wrong , no matter how
great the benefits.
1. Extrinsic objections
A. Unsafe for
consumers
“Frankenfoods”
2. Extrinsic objections
B. Unsafe for
environments
“superweeds”
 Herbicide resistance canola gene flows into
weedy relatives
 Bt toxin kills monarch
butterfly larvae
Extrinsic objections
C. Unfair to small
farmers
“Rich get richer,
poor get
poorer”
Vandana Shiva
Monocultures of
the Mind
she has established Navdanya, a movement for biodiversity
conservation and farmers' rights
 Thanks
Definition
Manipulation of living
organisms and organic
material to serve human
needs.
Ancient Biotech
Begins with early
civilization
Developments in ag
and food production
Few records exist
Ancient Biotech
Archeologists research
Ancient carvings and
sketches sources of
information
Classical Biotech
 Follows ancient
 Makes wide spread use of methods from
ancient, especially fermentation
 Methods adapted to industrial
productionFollows ancient
 Makes wide spread use of methods from
ancient, especially fermentation
 Methods adapted to industrial production
Many methods developed through
classical biotech are widely used
today.
Modern Biotech
 Manipulation of genetic material
within organisms
 Based on genetics and the use of
microscopy, biochemical
methods, related sciences and
technologiesOften known as
genetic engineering
Roots involved the
investigation of genes
Ancient Biotech
 Not known when biotech began
exactly
 Focused on having food and other
human needs Useful plants brought from
the wild, planted near caves where people
lived
 As food was available, ability to store and
preserve emergedFood preservation
most likely came from unplanned
events such as a fire or freeze
Domestication
 15,000 years ago, large animals were hard to
capture
 People only had meat when they found a dead
animal
 Came up with ways of capturing fish and small
animalsFood supplies often seasonal
 Winter food supplies may get quite low
 Domestication is seen by scientists as the beginning
of biotech Adaptation of organisms so they
can be cultured
 Most likely began 11,000 – 12,000 years
ago in the middle east
Domestication
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Involved the collecting of seed from useful plants and growing
crude crops from that seed
Involved the knowledge that the seed had to properly
matureProper planting
Need for water, light and other conditions for plant growth
Earliest plants likely grains and other seeds used for
foodRaising animals in captivity began about the same time in
history
Easier to have an animal close by that to hunt and capture a
wild one Learned that animals need food and water
 Learned about simple breeding
 How to raise young
 Cattle, goats and sheep were the first domesticated food
animals
Domestication
About 10,000 years ago,
people had learned
enough about plants and
animals to grow their own
food
The beginning of farming.
Food
Domestication resulted in
food supplies being
greater in certain times of
the year
Products were gathered
and stored
Food
Some foods rotted
Others changed form and
continued to be good to
eat
Foods stored in a cool
cave did not spoil as
quickly
Food
Foods heated by fire
also did not spoil as
quickly
Immersing in sour
liquids prevented food
decayStored in bags of
leather or jars of clay
Food preservation
Using processes that
prevent or slow spoilage
Heating, cooling, keeps
microorganisms (mo’s)
from growing
Cheese
 One of the first food products
made through biotechnology
 Began some 4,000 years ago
 Nomadic tribes in Asia
 Strains of bacteria were added to
milk
 Caused acid to form
 Resulting in sour milk
Cheese
Enzyme called “rennet” was
added
Rennet comes from the
lining of the stomachs of
calvesRennet is genetically
engineered today
Not all cheese is made from
produced rennet
Yeast
Long used in food
preparation and
preservation
Bread baking
Yeast produces a gas in
the dough causing the
dough to rise
Yeast
Fermented products
Vinegar
Require the use of yeast in
at least one stage of
production Species of fungi
Some are useful
Some may cause diseases
Vinegar
 Ancient product used to preserve
food
 Juices and extracts from fruits
and grains can be fermented
Keeps foods from spoiling
 Used in pickling
 Biblical references to wine
indicate the use of fermentation
some 3,000 years ago
Fermentation
 Process in which yeast enzymes
chemically change compounds into
alcohol
 In making vinegar the first product of
fermentation is alcoholAlcohol is
converted to acetic acid by additional
microbe activity
 Acid gives vinegar a sour taste
 Vinegar prevents growth of some bacteria
Development
Of yeasts that were
predictable and readily
available led to modern
baking industry
Antibiotics
Use of fermentation
hastened the development
of antibiotics
A drug used to combat
bacterial infections
Antibiotics
Penicillin
Developed in the
late1920’s
Introduced in the 1940’s
First drug produced
by microbes
Modern Biotech
Deals with manipulating
genetic info
Microscopy and advanced
computer technology are
used
In-depth knowledge of
science
Modern Biotech
Use of biotech to produce
new life forms
Emerged in mid 1900’s
Made possible by rDNA
technology