Download The Plant Industry

THE PLANT INDUSTRY
PART 1
3.01-3.02
3.01:REMEMBER CAREERS IN THE
PLANT INDUSTRY
A.Major Plant Science Industries
1. Ornamental Horticulture
a.Defined: the science and art of
producing, processing, marketing and
distributing plants grown for their appearance
or beauty.
b.Examples: Flowers, shrubs, trees, grasses,
interior plants, etc.
3.01 CONTINUED
3.01 CONTINUED…
2. Fruit and Vegetable Production
a.Defined: the science and art of producing,
processing, marketing and distributing fruits and
vegetables.
b.Examples: blueberries, apples, peaches,
strawberries, tomatoes, cucumbers, sweet corn,
squash, sweet potatoes, etc.
3. Agronomy
a.Defined: is the science of soil management
and crops.
b.Examples: Wheat, barley, corn, soybeans,
cotton, etc.
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3.01 CONTINUED
B. Careers
1. Examples of Ornamental Horticulture Careers
a.Florist (p. 463) – designs and arranges
cut flowers.
b.Groundskeeper (p. 479) – maintains
lawn and landscape areas.
c.Landscape Architect (p. 503) – a
professional trained in the art and science of
arranging land and objects upon it.
d.Golf Course Superintendent – manages
the golf course grounds.
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3.01 CONTINUED
e.Nursery Operator- manages a business
that grows and sells trees, shrubs and other
ornamental plants.
f.Greenhouse Manager – manages a
business that grows and sells greenhouse plants.
g.Gardener (p. 368) – a person who
grows and maintains plants for estates,
institutions, etc.
h.Landscape Contractor (p. 503) – a
person licensed to install landscapes based on
passing certification exams.
3.01 CONTINUED
3.01 CONTINUED
2. Examples of Fruit and Vegetable Careers
a.Vegetable Grower (p. 383)(traditional,
hydroponic or organic) – grows and sells
vegetables for the fresh, wholesale and retail
markets.
b.Produce Manager (p. 383) – manages
retail produce departments of grocery stores.
c.Winery Supervisor – manages the
production of wines.
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3.01 CONTINUED
3. Examples of Agronomy Careers
a.Agronomist (p. 426) – a specialist in soil
and crop sciences.
b.Forage Manager (p. 444) – grow,
manage and sell hay crops for various animal
producers.
c.Federal grain Inspector – Federal
employee that inspects harvested grain crops.
3.01 CONTINUED
3.01 CONTINUED
4. Examples of General Plant Science Careerscan work in any or all of these areas.
a.Plant Physiologist (p. 322) – a person
who studies plant processes and functions.
b.Plant Breeder (p. 339) – a person who
develops new plants through, selection,
hybridization, etc
c.Plant Propagator (p. 339) – a person
who reproduces plants
d.Entomologist (p. 373) – a person who
studies insects
3.01 CONINUED
3.01 REVIEW ASSIGNMENT
1. Define Ornamental Horticulture.
2. What are 3 examples of fruit and vegetable
production?
3. Please list 2 careers in ornamental horticulture, fruit
and vegetable production, agronomy, and
general plant science.
3.01 ACTIVITY
Research a Plant Science Career Activity - Choose a plant
science career to research and present your findings to
the class.
Example Questions to answer in your search:
• What is the education required to obtain this job?
• What community colleges/universities in NC offer
degrees leading to a career in this field?
• If this degree is only offered at the University level, what
SAT score is needed to get into that school?
• What is the outlook for employment for this job?
• What is the starting pay range for this career?
• What benefits are generally associated with this career?
Vacation time? Health insurance? Dental insurance?
3.02: UNDERSTAND BIOTECHNOLOGY
IN THE PLANT INDUSTRY.
A.
Biotechnology Basics
1.Defined: Biotechnology is the use of living
organisms (microorganisms) to make new
products or carry out new processes (solve
problems).
a.New product – Yogurt
b.New Process – Tissue culture,
propagation method that rapidly multiplies
plants,
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3.02 CONTINUED
2.Historic Applications of Biotechnology
a.Use of yeast to make bread rise.
b.Use of bacteria to produce various
kinds of cheeses and other dairy products.
c.Use of microorganisms to transform fruit
or grains into alcoholic beverages.
d.Use of bacteria to “produce” silage
e.E.coli bacteria used to produce insulin.
It became one of the first commercial products
created by genetic engineering.
3.02 CONTINUED
B.Basic Genetics
1.Genetics is the science of heredity.
a.Austrian monk, Gregor Johann Mendel
discovered the effect of genetics on plant
characteristics with his experimentation with garden
peas.
b.Heredity is the transmission of characteristics
from an organism to its offspring through genes in
reproductive cells.
c.Genes determine the individual characteristics
of living things (plant height at maturity, flower color, ears
of corn per stalk). They are segments of double stranded
DNA.
d.Generation is the offspring, or progeny, of
common parents.
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2.DNA –Genetic Code of Life
a.A chromosome is a structure that holds
the genetic information of a cell. DNA is wound
tightly to form the chromosome.
b. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the
coded material in all cell nuclei that determines
what that cell and its successive cells will
become. Its’ structure is that of a twisted ladder
(double helix).
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3.02 CONTINUED
c.A gene is a small section of DNA. There
are thousands of genes on a strand of DNA.
d.Gene mapping – the process of both
finding and recording the locations of genes.
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e.Bases are like rungs of a ladder that hold the
two sides of the DNA strands together. The bases are:
1)Adenine (A) - only pairs with “T”
2)Thymine (T) – only pairs with “A”
3)Guanine (G) – only pairs with “C”
4)Cytosine (C) – only pairs with “G”
Example:
A–T
G–C
T-A
f.The sequence of the bases between the DNA
strands is the code by which a gene controls a specific
trait (baldness in humans, tendency of female goats to
have twin offspring).
3.02 CONTINUED
C. Processes and Practices in biotechnology
1. Genetic engineering developed in the early
1980’s is the process of moving genetic information in
the form of genes from one cell to another. Termed:
a. Gene splicing or Recombinant DNA
technology- the process of removing and
inserting genes from one organism and inserting
them into the DNA of another.
3.02 CONTINUED
b. Some examples are:
1) Alter a plant’s susceptibility to
disease.
2) Make a plant resistant to insects.
3) Process in animals is newer and
not as well developed techniques exist
yet.
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2. Cloning (micropropagation in plants) –
creating an exact genetic duplicate of another
organism.
3. Indicator species – one of the oldest methods
of biological detection. This method uses plants,
animals and microbes to warn us about pollutants in
the environment.
4. Bioremediation – A set of techniques that use
living organisms to clean up toxic wastes in water and
soil.
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3.02 CONTINUED
5. Biostimulation - Adding nutrients such as nitrogen
and phosphorus to stimulate the growth of naturally
occurring beneficial microbes for faster more efficient
work.
6. Phytoremediation - The process of plants
absorbing or immobilizing pollutants. First tested actively at
sites in the 1990’s.
7. Animal Reproduction and Production – the
processes used in improving the efficiency of reproduction
and production involve the use of biotechnology. These
are considered the more conventional uses of
biotechnology.
8. Biofuels – Fuels composed of or produced from
biological raw materials.
3.02 CONTINUED
D. Importance of Recombinant DNA Technology
a. Improve plants’ and animals’ performance
through the manipulation of genes.
b. Alter characteristics or performance of
microorganisms.
c. Great potential for controlling disease,
insects, weeds, and other pests is through genetic
engineering.
d. Less use of chemical pesticides is a result.
e. Potential for helping clean the environment.
3.02 CONTINUED
E. Concerns with the use of Biotechnology in
Agriculture
1. Safety
a. State and federal government monitor
the development of newly developed biotech
crops.
b. Consumer resistance to new biotech
food products remains high due to safety of the
environment and human health concerns.
3.02 CONTINUED
c. Biotechnology is a rapidly changing
field, which when not fully understood, for some
people can create a fear of the unknown.
d. Labeling of genetically modified
organisms (GMO) foods – many people feel if a
product is safe it should be labeled.
e. Concern has been expressed over the
effect GMO’s may have on biodiversity.
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2. Ethics
a. Ethics is a system of moral principles
that defines what is right and wrong in a society.
b. The ability to manipulate genetics of
living organisms raises important ethical
questions about how biotechnology should be
used.
3.02 CONTINUED
F. Scientific Method used in Biotechnology/Agriscience
1.Steps of scientific method used to solve problems
a.Identify the problem.
b.Review literature.
c.Form a hypothesis.
d.Prepare a project proposal.
e.Design the experiment.
f.Collect the data.
g.Draw conclusions.
h.Prepare a written report.
2. Can be employed in doing an SAE project
and/or participating in the FFA Agriscience fair.
3.02 CONTINUED
G. Biotechnology in the plant science industry
1. Herbicide and insect resistant crops are a
product of genetic engineering. Examples:
a.Herbicide – tolerant soybean (RoundUp
Ready Soybeans) contains a gene that provides
resistance to one or two broad spectrum
herbicides. There are several Roundup Ready
crops available or being developed such as:
Canola, Corn, Cotton, Alfalfa, Lettuce,
Potatoes, Sugar Beets, and Tomatoes.
3.02 CONTINUED
3.02 CONTINUED
b.Insect- resistant corn (Bt corn) –
contains a built-in insecticidal protein from a
naturally occurring soil microorganism (Bt –
Bacillus thuringiensis) that gives season- long
control of corn borers
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2.Crops with better nutrition and longer shelf life
are products of genetic engineering.
c.High Oleic Peanut – genetically
modified to produce nuts in high oleic acid that
results in longer life for nuts, candy and peanut
butter.
d.High Oleic Sunflower – modified to
produce sunflower oil that is low in trans-fatty
acids.
e.Delayed- ripening tomato – the longer
shelf life has commercial advantages in
harvesting and shipping.
3.02 CONTINUED
3.Tissue culture (micropropagation) – is the use
of a very small actively growing part of the
plant to produce a large number of new plants
( ie. African violets).
4.Numerous other crops have been genetically
engineered to tolerate herbicides and resist
insects and viruses such as, alfalfa, canola,
cotton, potatoes, rice and many others.
3.02 CONTINUED
3.02 REVIEW
1. Define Biotechnology.
2. Please give 1 example of historic application of
biotechnology.
3. What is heredity?
4. Define chromosome.
5. What is gene mapping?
6. What are biofuels?
7. Please give 2 examples of why Recombinant DNA
is important.
8. What are the 2 concerns of using biotechnology in
agriculture?
3.02 ACTIVITY 1
My Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
If you can genetically alter (change the genes)
of a plant or animal to make it “perfect” what would
you do? On a piece of paper draw your genetically
modified plant. You have to color and label your
picture so I will know what you did. Remember, you
can change this organism to be whatever you want
it to be. In Biotechnology, scientists modify plants
and animals for things like disease resistance, color,
texture, or to grow better. Use what you know to
design your GMO.
3.02 ACTIVITY 2
Biotechnology Stations:
In your assigned groups, rotate through the series of
stations, read the scenario and answer the questions
as a group. After everyone has rotated we will discuss
your findings.