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The Pre-Greeks Aegean Civilization 4 Sections of Aegean World - Minoan - Crete - Mycenaean – Greek mainland - Trojan – Asia Minor - Cycladic – islands of the Aegean Sea Classical Greece Let’s talk about geography first – Yay!! - peninsula is mountainous – leads to… … development of fiercely independent city-states - rocky soil limits large scale agriculture and leads to… …overseas colonization - miles of coastline & islands leads to… … seafaring & trading mentality Classical Greece Development of the Polis - Greek civilization begins revival with introduction of Phoenician alphabet Polis – “fort” or “refuge” - politics, policy, metropolis, police, etc. Four common characteristics (besides independence) Small size – Athens is smaller than RI Small population – Athens at its height was 40,000 citizens Acropolis – “high city” with temples and administrative buildings Agora – marketplace for public gatherings Classical Greece Evolution of Greek governments - Monarchy – rule by one with hereditary rights - Oligarchy – rule by few - nobility - Tyranny – rule by one with no hereditary rights - Democracy – rule by the people Age of Kings (1000-700 BCE) - little is known of this period - many wars among poleis - some limits on power of kings through aristocratic councils – known mostly through Homer’s epics – Homeric Age Classical Greece Rise of the Nobles or Oligarchs - around 700 BCE, nobles in many poleis began to seize more power - become more powerful through debt slavery - military power through cavalry Age of Tyrants (700-500 BCE) - tyrants replace oligarch promising reforms - defend poor against excesses of aristocracy - end struggles for political power among nobles - encourage trade - pass just laws - eventually became tyrannical (harsh & unjust) Classical Greece Finally – Popular government or Democracy - begins in Athens - rule by citizens limited to male landowners - Is this really democracy?? - Solon – bans debt slavery - Peisistratus – redistribute lands - Cleisthenes – begins Assembly and Council of 500 – direct democracy Classical Greece – the 2 ideals Athens – Democracy & Culture Which way of life makes more sense? Sparta – the Military Ancient Athens - center for arts, learning, and culture - birthplace of democracy - home to ancient world’s most famous philosophers, politicians, etc. - build powerful empire stretching across Aegean Sea - height reached under Pericles – Age of Pericles or Golden Age of Athens Athenian Government Direct Democracy – laws passed by all citizens - Assembly all citizens; pass laws - Council of 500 – 50 representatives from 10 tribes – present laws - very few people were citizens landowning men over age of 18 estimates ~ 30-40,000 eligible voters out of population of 200-300,000 - boys enter military training for 2 years at age 18 expected to be ready when needed - philosophy, art, drama, literature, architecture Ancient Sparta - it’s all about their military - weak infants left out to die - age 7, boys enrolled into military training - harsh, cruel training to produce tough soldier - girls are trained to be physically fit – to produce strong infants - enter army at age 18 and stay until 60 - government 2 kings, 5 ephors, Council of 30 - helots slaves from original conquered population - outnumbered citizens 7 to 1 - cruel & harsh to slaves Classical Greece The Unification of Greece – Persian Wars Who were the Persians? - efficient & effective conquerors - roads - administrators - tolerant - Cyrus the Great – 550 BCE - conquered Ionian citystates 546 - rebellions break out in 499, supported by Athens - Persia uses rebellions as excuse to conquer all of Greece - many poleis unite to repel invasions in 490 The Persian Wars 490 Battle of Marathon - Athenians outnumbered by Persians 10 to 1 (may have been only 2 to 1) - great victory for Athens - Persian king Darius 480 Battle of Thermopylae - Spartan army of 300 with 7000 Greeks hold 200,000 Persians for three days - heroic defense - Persians led by Xerxes, Spartans led by Leonidas The Persian Wars 480 Battle of Salamis - naval battle - Xerxes v. Themosticles - Persian fleet tricked into small bay where Athenian navy has advantage - half of Persian fleet is destroyed - Xerxes retreats 479 Battle of Plataea - decisive battle - combined Greek army defeats remnants of Persians - Persia is no longer a threat The Persian Wars 1. 2. 3. 4. Results Unification of many Greek city-states Great sense of pride and accomplishment Feeling of Athenian superiority Development of Athenian Empire - Athens was on “top of the world” - Sparta withdraws to isolationism - invited city-states to form a defensive league Delian league - more than 140 city-states joined Aftermath of Persian Wars & the Peloponnesian Wars - by 465 BCE, the Persian threat is over but Athens does not allow city-states to leave - used treasury of the Delian League to build the Parthenon - moved treasury to Athens - insisted all criminal cases be tried in Athens - interfered in internal affairs of other city-states - transform Delian League from alliance to Athenian Empire - caused resentment turn to Sparta The Peloponnesian Wars Sparta formed Peloponnesian League to combat Athenian aggression - commercial rivalry between Corinth & Athens sparks war in 431 BCE - Sparta’s hope for victory army’s ability to besiege Athens and destroy its outlying fields - Athens’ hope for victory navy’s ability to bring in needed supplies and harass its enemies’ coast - war takes bad turn for Athens in 429 w/ typhus outbreak which kills 1/3 of the Athenian population including Pericles - lack of strong leadership is devastating for Athens The Peloponnesian Wars - war drags on until 404 BCE and total defeat of Athens by Sparta - Athens forced to 1.) tear down defenses around city 2.) give up overseas colonies 3.) swear allegiance to Sparta - Sparta will become dominant and ruling city-state of Greece in immediate aftermath of the war - Sparta proves to be an inept ruling state and will be overthrown by league led by the city-state of Thebes in 371 The Peloponnesian Wars - brings disaster for Greece leads to disunity and division - city-states decline in population -devastates fields and orchards particularly the olive orchards of Athens - rising unemployment many young men emigrate to Persia & join their army as mercenaries - lose ability to govern themselves - lose faith in democracy and free political discussion as Greece turns back towards tyranny -city-states unable to resist new invaders – the Macedonians in the 350s