Download change in species over time

Chapter 15
Darwin’s Theory
Of
Evolution
15-1
I. Evolution
A. process by which modern organisms have
descended from ancient organisms; change in
species over time
II. Charles Darwin
A. Sailed around the world on HMS Beagle in 1831
B. Made observations
1. Patterns of diversity: plant/animal well suited to
environment
2. Living Organisms and fossils  how related (Page 370)
3. Galapagos Islands (Page 371)
a. 1,000 Km (600 miles) W of South
America
b. Close together but very different climates
c. Characteristics of animals/plants varied noticeably
C. Hypothesis  life changes over time  Now a Theory
15-2
I. Changing Earth
A. Hutton and Lyell
1. Earth is many millions of years old
2. The processes that changed Earth in the past are
the same processes that operate in the present
B. Influence on Darwin
1. If the Earth could change over time, life might
change as well.
II. Species Evolve
A. Lamarck’s contributions were important, even if
hypothesis was incorrect.
1. Recognized
a. living things have changed over time
b. all species were descended from other species
c. organisms were adapted to their environments
2. Proposed
a. selective use or disuse of organs; organisms
could acquire or lose certain traits during their
life (Aka: Theory of Acquired Characteristics )
Add to notes: b. These traits could then be passed
on to their offspring.
According to Lamarck:
A male fiddler
crab uses its
front claw to
ward off
predators and
to attract mates.
Page 376
USE AND DISUSE-Acquired Characteristics
Because the front
claw is used
repeatedly, it
becomes larger.
This characteristic
(large claw) is
passed onto its
offspring.
3. Hypothesis = Rejected; Evidence did not support his
proposed hypothesis, but we still learned from it!
a. We NOW know an organism’s use or disuse has no
effect on its inherited characteristics.
b. Lamarck did not know:
1. how traits are inherited
2. that an organism’s “use or disuse” of a structure
had no effect on its inheritable (genotypic/
phenotypic) characteristics
III. Population Growth
A. 1798- Thomas Malthus noted that babies were
being born faster than people were dying
1. reasoned that if the human population continued to
grow = insufficient living space and food; wars,
famines and disease keep these pops. “in check.”
B. Darwin realized this pertains to plants and animals
1. If all offspring of any species survived for
several generations = overrun the world
2. Key to Darwin’s explanation of evolutionary
change
15-3
I. Darwin, 1859, published On the Origin of Species
A. Proposed a mechanism for evolution called
natural selection
B. Evolution has
been taking place
for millions of
years—and
continues in all
living things.
II. Artificial Selection
A. Humans select the useful characteristics provided by
nature to provide the next generation
Ex. Largest hogs/ fastest race horses/ largest cattle/
domesticated dogs and cats-different breeds, but
same species
III. Natural Selection
A. The Struggle for Existence
1. Organisms compete for resources
(water, food, space, mates)
B. Survival of the Fittest-DOES NOT NECESSARILY MEAN
THE FASTEST OR THE STRONGEST; just the best adapted
1. Better suited to the environment = fitness
2. Adaptations = inherited characteristic that
increases an organism's chance to survive
a. Mimicry = Enables one species to resemble
another species
Milk snake
Coral snake
b. Camouflage =
Leaf
Frog
Blend into environment
C. The traits being selected contribute to an organism's
fitness in its environment.
D. Descent With Modification
1. species have descended, with changes, from
other species over time
2. Common Descent 
All living organisms are
related to one another.
IV. Evidence of Evolution
A. Fossil Record (Page 382)
1. compared fossils - determine that life on Earth
has changed over time
B. Geographic Distribution of Living Species
1. Existence of similar but unrelated species due to
natural selection in similar environments
Add to notes: Fossils on coastline of one continent seem
to “match” coastline of another continent
2. Similar, but unrelated
species = evidence for
convergent evolution=
analogous structures
Page 383
C. Body Structures
1. Homologous Body Structures-Divergent Evolution
a. Similar in structural arrangement (or origin)-structure
but may serve different functions- but suggests common
ancestry
Page 384
2. Analogous Structures-Convergent Evolution
a. NOT always similar in structure but similar in
function
b. Two unrelated species solving the same problem
example: wings on
birds and butterflies
3. Vestigial Body Structures-Divergent Evolution
a. Reduced structure having no known
modern day purpose
b. Vestige = “remnant” of the past
Ex: eyes on mole rats/cavefish, human
appendix; human tail bone; flightless bird
with wings
D. Comparative Embryology
1. Embryos of vertebrates
have cells that develop in
the same order and in
similar patterns to produce
the tissues/organs
2. Tails and gill slits on
all developing species
Fish
Newt
Turtle
Chicken
Hog
Calf
Rabbit
Human
Reg Ed – Summary of Theory of Evolution:
1. There is variation within the same species.
2. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive, so there is
competition for resources- STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL
3. Individuals best adapted to the environment will survive and leave
behind more offspring (their alleles) than those who are not best
suited.
4. The process whereby the best suited leave behind the favorable genes
is the process of NATURAL SELECTION causing change over timeEVOLUTION.
Summary of Darwin's Theory
1. Individual organisms in the same species have
differences-some of this variation is inheritedVARIATION in a species.
2. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive.
3. Because more organisms are produced than can survive,
they compete for limited resources- STRUGGLE FOR
existence/ survival.
4. Individuals best ADAPTED to their environment
survive and reproduce most successfully (FITNESS)
5. Organisms that reproduce pass their heritable traits to
their offspring. Others die or leave behind fewer offspringNATURAL SELECTION.
6. Natural selection causes species to
change over time.
7. Species alive today are
descended with modification from
ancestral species that lived in the
distant past.
8. This process of natural selection
unites all organisms on Earth.
15-1
Darwin's observations in the Galápagos Islands
included all of the following EXCEPT
A. characteristics of many living organisms varied
among the different Galápagos Islands.
B. many plants and animals were well suited to
their environments.
C. very different animals inhabited many similar
ecosystems.
D. though close together, the islands had very
different climates.
15-1
What did Darwin learn about the tortoises of the
Galápagos Islands?
A. Tortoises with dome-shaped shells were found
on all of the islands.
B. The tortoises resembled fossil remains that
were found on the islands.
C. The shape of the Galápagos tortoise shells
varied with their different habitats.
D. Different shaped tortoise shells occupied the
same habitats.
15-1
According to Darwin's proposed theory of
evolution, species of organisms
A. change over time.
B. are not related to fossil remains.
C. do not vary from one location to another.
D. remain unchanged when the environment
changes.
15-1
Darwin hypothesized that different-looking
mockingbirds from different islands might be
descendants of birds that
A. belonged to a single species that had originated
on the islands
B. belonged to a single species from the South
American mainland.
C. belonged to a different species from similar
habitats in South America.
D. had been brought to the islands by earlier visitors.
15-1
What role did the evidence gathered by Darwin
play in developing his ideas?
A. It immediately gave him the idea that
organisms evolved.
B. It confirmed evolution—an idea he had
before he left England.
C. It confirmed evolution, which he proved on
his arrival in the Galápagos.
D. It led to considering the possibility of
evolution only after he was heading home.
15–2
Hutton and Lyell recognized that geological
processes
A. of the past differ from those of the present.
B. indicate that Earth is many millions of years old.
C. operate quickly, often over thousands of years.
D. always involve violent events like volcanoes,
earthquakes, and floods.
15–2
The discovery of many fossils challenged the idea
that
A. acquired traits could be inherited.
B. Earth is many millions of years old.
C. species had never changed over time.
D. geological changes are slow.
15–2
Which of the following scientists proposed the
hypothesis of selective use and disuse?
A. Charles Darwin
B. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
C. Thomas Malthus
D. Charles Lyell
15–2
The scientist that proposed that Earth is shaped by
geological forces that took place over long periods of
time is:
A. Malthus
B. Hutton
C. Darwin
D. Lamarck
15–2
Darwin’s reading of Thomas Malthus made him
realize that
A. because of overpopulation, human beings
cannot avoid extinction.
B. all living things must evolve.
C. living things produce more offspring than
can possibly survive.
D. the basic ideas of Lamarck were wrong.
15-3
The scientist who motivated Darwin to publish
On the Origin of Species was
A. Alfred Russel Wallace.
B. Charles Lyell.
C. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
D. Thomas Malthus.
15-3
Differences among individuals of a single species
are referred to as
A. artificial selection.
B. genetic variation.
C. survival of the fittest.
D. environmental adaptation.
15-3
Changes that increase a species' fitness in its
environment over time are due to
A. the principle of common descent.
B. the geographic distribution of that species
C. natural selection.
D. habitat selection.
15-3
An inherited characteristic that increases an
organism's chance of survival is called a(an)
A. homologous structure.
B. vestigial organ.
C. adaptation.
D. analogous structure.
15-3
Evidence used by Darwin to support the idea of
evolution included all the following EXCEPT
A. fossils that demonstrate change over time.
B. the genetic mechanism by which useful traits
are inherited.
C. the geographic distribution of living things
D. the presence of many homologous structures
in plants and animals.
15-1
Darwin's observations in the Galápagos Islands
included all of the following EXCEPT
A. characteristics of many living organisms varied
among the different Galápagos Islands.
B. many plants and animals were well suited to
their environments.
C. very different animals inhabited many similar
ecosystems.
D. though close together, the islands had very
different climates.
15-1
What did Darwin learn about the tortoises of the
Galápagos Islands?
A. Tortoises with dome-shaped shells were found
on all of the islands.
B. The tortoises resembled fossil remains that
were found on the islands.
C. The shape of the Galápagos tortoise shells
varied with their different habitats.
D. Different shaped tortoise shells occupied the
same habitats.
15-1
According to Darwin's proposed theory of
evolution, species of organisms
A. change over time.
B. are not related to fossil remains.
C. do not vary from one location to another.
D. remain unchanged when the environment
changes.
15-1
Darwin hypothesized that different-looking
mockingbirds from different islands might be
descendants of birds that
A. belonged to a single species that had originated
on the islands
B. belonged to a single species from the South
American mainland.
C. belonged to a different species from similar
habitats in South America.
D. had been brought to the islands by earlier visitors.
15-1
What role did the evidence gathered by Darwin
play in developing his ideas?
A. It immediately gave him the idea that
organisms evolved.
B. It confirmed evolution—an idea he had
before he left England.
C. It confirmed evolution, which he proved on
his arrival in the Galápagos.
D. It led to considering the possibility of
evolution only after he was heading home.
15–2
Hutton and Lyell recognized that geological
processes
A. of the past differ from those of the present.
B. indicate that Earth is many millions of years old.
C. operate quickly, often over thousands of years.
D. always involve violent events like volcanoes,
earthquakes, and floods.
15–2
The discovery of many fossils challenged the idea
that
A. acquired traits could be inherited.
B. Earth is many millions of years old.
C. species had never changed over time.
D. geological changes are slow.
15–2
Which of the following scientists proposed the
hypothesis of selective use and disuse?
A. Charles Darwin
B. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
C. Thomas Malthus
D. Charles Lyell
15–2
The scientist that proposed that Earth is shaped by
geological forces that took place over long periods of
time is:
A. Malthus
B. Hutton
C. Darwin
D. Lamarck
15–2
Darwin’s reading of Thomas Malthus made him
realize that
A. because of overpopulation, human beings
cannot avoid extinction.
B. all living things must evolve.
C. living things produce more offspring than
can possibly survive.
D. the basic ideas of Lamarck were wrong.
15-3
The scientist who motivated Darwin to publish
On the Origin of Species was
A. Alfred Russel Wallace.
B. Charles Lyell.
C. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
D. Thomas Malthus.
15-3
Differences among individuals of a single species
are referred to as
A. artificial selection.
B. genetic variation.
C. survival of the fittest.
D. environmental adaptation.
15-3
Changes that increase a species' fitness in its
environment over time are due to
A. the principle of common descent.
B. the geographic distribution of that species
C. natural selection.
D. habitat selection.
15-3
An inherited characteristic that increases an
organism's chance of survival is called a(an)
A. homologous structure.
B. vestigial organ.
C. adaptation.
D. analogous structure.
15-3
Evidence used by Darwin to support the idea of
evolution included all the following EXCEPT
A. fossils that demonstrate change over time.
B. the genetic mechanism by which useful traits
are inherited.
C. the geographic distribution of living things
D. the presence of many homologous structures
in plants and animals.