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Ms. Cannistraci Name:_______________________________ Date:_____ Important Medieval Trade Routes How does this map illustrate the important role Italy played in Medieval Trade? How does trade lead to cultural diffusion? Ms. Cannistraci Name:_______________________________ Date:_____ Refer to the map and the reading on the Renaissance and answer the following questions. How does this map show some reasons why the Renaissance began in Italy? How would you define humanism? How would you define the Renaissance? THE RENAISANCE After feudalism declined, a period of history known as the Renaissance began. The emphasis changed from a religious to a more secular (non-religious) view towards life as exemplified by humanism in music, art, literature and science. People began to take action and interact and change the world rather than wait for God to intervene. Humanism is all human can achieve, do, create, love, build, solve. Human glorifies the individual and sees the body as beautiful. Humanists believe to err (make a mistake) is human and to forgive is divine (Godly). One cannot achieve and grow if they live in fear of making a mistake. The Renaissance themes where revived from classical Greece and Rome. The word Renaissance means rebirth, it truly was a rebirth of the culture of ancient Greece and Rome. It truly was a blessing that the culture of Greece and Rome was preserved by the Muslim Empire and the Byzantine Empire and then the Ottoman Empire. The Renaissance was a period of trade and intellectual curiosity unparalleled in Europe, especially for those who lived in larger cities and towns. Many signs appeared, and feeling was expressed that indicated a growing worldly viewpoint (one focused on the now rather than the afterlife in heaven). Values were shifting away from tradition, isolation, and religion to secular (non-religious) ideas, humanism, and international trade and adventure. Educated upper-class citizens of the great cities and towns of northern Italy were in the forefront of diffusing ideas which stressed openness to change and the absorption of knowledge of other cultures. This was a period when values shifted away from the church and towards individual achievement. During the Renaissance, sculptors and painters did not sell their works in galleries; they worked for wealthy patrons who supported them within their households. Secular and religious leaders sought to beautify their surroundings through the work of the talented people of their day. The patrons commissioned (ordered art) and bought beautiful pieces from the artists. From Italy, the customs of patronage spread through other parts of Europe. An important theme of the Renaissance was humanism, an emphasis on the study of man and earthly concerns, as opposed to the medieval concern with the heavenly world. Ms. Cannistraci Name:________________________________ Date:________ Document 1: GENOA IN 1432 The following selection is an excerpt translated from a letter written in 1432 by a visitor to Genoa Would you were with me! You would see a city which has no equal anywhere on earth. It lies upon a hill over which rude mountains tower, while the lower city is washed by the waves of the sea. The harbor is bow-shaped so that storms cannot do the ships any harm. And what a coming and going there is! You may see daily people of the most different sort with unimaginable rough manners and customs and traders with every conceivable ware. Right at the shore arise the most magnificent palaces, heaven-scaling, built of marble, decorated with columns and often too with sculptures. Under them runs an arcade for the length of a thousand steps where every conceivable object is for sale. The rest of the city winds upward along the side of the hill. In this section the houses are so large and distinguished that a king or a prince might be they are, do not seem to me to be worthy of such a city. However, they are not without splendor and boast some handsome tombs. Now as to the life and customs of the population, the men are substantial, well grown, and impressive, carry themselves proudly and are in fact proud. They are a gifted folk, not likely to be found inferior to any other people in the quality of their mind. Strenuous labors they bear easily. Their deeds of bravery at sea are incredible. The advantages that come with profits and riches offer compensation and hardships. They dress nobly and elegantly. They are not afflicted with thirst for education, though they learn languages as they need them. For other elements of the liberal arts they have little use, except as a possible relief from business. The women of this city enjoy great freedom; indeed it would not be an exaggeration to designate Genoa as the paradise of women. Their dresses are luxurious, loaded with gold and silver trimmings and with jewels. On their fingers sparkle emeralds and diamonds supplied by India and Persia. They bother neither about the household nor about needle and dishes, for every house enjoys abundant service. From Edwin Fenton, ed., The Shaping of Western Society (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1974), pp.65-68. Turn page over to complete assignment How does life in Genoa compare with life in Europe during the Middle Ages compare? Cite textual evidence to support your claim. Can you infer from the text that Genoa was the center of international trade? Cite evidence to support your claim. Ms. Cannistraci Name:________________________________ Date:________ Document 2: Renaissance Florence “Despite all its perils, Florence triumphed. The prime source of its strength and wealth lay in its arti. The guild drew together its merchants and skilled craftsmen. One of the earliest to be organized was the arte di Calimala,,, It was a company of merchants who traded with England, Flanders and France, bringing undressed cloth to Florence, where they reworked into fine materials and dyed in the splendid, vivid colors that the Renaissance painters have made so memorable; the blues and crimsons and reds in which they dressed their saints and Madonna’s. They exported the finished goods throughout Europe, and the stamp of the guild became a guarantee of worth and workmanship…The Calimala became a model for other great guilds that began to dominate Florentine economic and political life in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries...There were seven of them: the wool merchants, the silk weavers, the bankers, the notaries, the druggists and the furriers. These seven included the entire great merchants of Florence who formed the heart of economic life.” From: J.H. Plumb The Italian Renaissance, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1987, p.p. 54-56. Can you infer from the text that Florence was the center of international trade? Cite evidence to support your claim. How would international trade impact Italy politically, economically and/or socially? Turn page over to complete assignment How did life in Renaissance Italy differ from life during the Middle Ages? Ms. Cannistraci Name:________________________________ Date:________ Document 3: The Art of Daily Living “In Renaissance Europe private individuals could afford lavish residences, and the increasing prevalence of law and order meant that a home no longer needed to be a fortress. Elaborate villas dotted the Italian countryside, in the cities the characteristic structure was the palazzo, an imposing townhouse combining business and residential apartments. Many examples survive throughout Italy. Indoors, Renaissance buildings reflected the improving standard of life among the affluent. Smaller rooms were easier to heat than the vast drafty halls of the Middle Ages, and items of furniture began to multiply beyond the medieval complement of built-in beds, cupboards and tables. Although chairs were still largely reserved for the master of the house and important guests, benches or stools were becoming more common. Chests were often elaborately painted and carved. New articles of furniture served more specialized purpose: the bookcase to house the new printed books, the writing desk, and the jewel cabinet, a miniature chest on high legs often encrusted with ivory or inlaid work. The popularity or brooches, pendants, and other forms or jewelry with intricate gold settings attested both to wealth and to the taste of the upper-class Renaissance men and women. Silversmiths made elaborate etched helmets, shields, and suits of armor, better suited for show than for military use. Fine glass was highly esteemed, particularly the elaborate and delicate work that was made in Venice. Both the less affluent and the rich had embroidered households linens and brass pewter utensils.” From: Robin W. Winks, A History of Civilization, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall, 1996, pp. 232-23 Cite textual evidence that depicts Italy during the Renaissance had a strong economy? Turn page over to complete assignment Would you argue that Italy was experiencing a “Golden Age” during the Renaissance? Cite textual evidence to support your claim. How did life in Renaissance Italy differ from life during the Middle Ages? Ms. Cannistraci Name:________________________________ Date:________ Document 4: Secularism Secularism is the basic concern with the material world instead of with eternal, [religious], and spiritual matters. A secular way of thinking tends to find the ultimate explanation of everything and the final end of human beings within the limits of what the senses can discover. Medieval business people ruthlessly pursued profits while medieval monks fought fiercely over poverty. But medieval society was religious, not secular, the dominant ideals focused on the otherworldly, on life after death. Renaissance people often held strong and deep spiritual beliefs. But Renaissance society was secular; attention is concentrated on the here and now, often on the acquisition of material things… The economic changes and rising prosperity of Italian cities in the Thirteenth Century worked a fundamental change in social and intellectual attitudes and values. Worries about shifting rates of interest, shipping routes, personnel costs, and employee relations did not leave time for thought about penance, [heaven, and hell] and purgatory. Wealth made possible greater material pleasures, a more comfortable life, and the leisure time to appreciate and patronize the arts. Money could buy many sensual gratifications, and the rich, social-climbing bankers and merchants of the Italian cities came to see life more as an opportunity to be enjoyed than as a painful pilgrimage [journey] to the City of God… Renaissance writers justified the accumulation and enjoyment of wealth with reference to ancient authors, and church leaders did little to combat the new secular spirit…Renaissance popes beautified the city of Rome, patronized artist and men of letters, and expended enormous enthusiasm and huge sums of money.” From: John P. McKay, Bennett D. Hill, and John Buckler. A History of World Societies. Forth Edition Create a definition of secularism. Turn page over to complete assignment What can you infer about the impact secularism will have on the power of the Roman Catholic Church? How did life in Renaissance Italy differ from life during the Middle Ages?