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Learning Processes Behaviorism Classical conditioning Operant conditioning 1 Adaptation to the Environment Learning - any process through which experience at one time can alter an individual’s behavior at a future time 2 Behaviorism The attempt to understand observable activity in terms of observable stimuli and observable responses John B. Watson (1913) B.F. Skinner (1938) 3 What’s this about LEARNING? Classical Conditioning Pavlov’s Dogs Digestive reflexes and salivation Psychic secretion 5 Classical Conditioning NEUTRAL STIMULUS will elicit NO REACTION UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS will elicit a REFLEX ACTION will elicit a REFLEX ACTION will elicit a CONDITIONED RESPONSE 6 UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS NEUTRAL STIMULUS CONDITIONED CONDITIONEDSTIMULUS STIMULUS Neutral Stimulus--Bell Does not normally elicit a response or reflex action by itself A bell ringing A color A furry object 7 Unconditioned Stimulus-Food Always elicits a reflex action: an unconditioned response Food Blast of air Noise Unconditioned Response-Salivation A response to an unconditioned stimulus--naturally occurring Salivation at smell of food Eye blinks at blast of air Startle reaction in babies 9 Conditioned Stimulus--Bell The stimulus that was originally neutral becomes conditioned after it has been paired with the unconditioned stimulus Will eventually elicit the unconditioned response by itself 10 Conditioned Response The original unconditioned response becomes conditioned after it has been elicited by the neutral stimulus 11 Classical Conditioning vs. Association by Contiguity Learning Experience Stimulus A (The word ball) Stimulus B (Sight of a ball) Thought of B (Mental image of a ball) After Learning Stimulus A (The word ball) Thought of B (Mental image of a ball) Conditioning Procedure Neutral stimulus (Bell) Unconditioned stimulus (Food) Unconditioned response (Salivation) After Conditioning Conditioned stimulus (Bell) Conditioned response (Salivation) 12 Classical Conditioning Phenomenon Extinction Spontaneous recovery Generalization Discrimination training 13 John B. Watson and Little Albert Conditioned emotional responses Generalization Extinction 14 Conditioned Drug Reactions Opposite the drug effect 15 Early Operant Conditioning E.L. Thorndike (1898) Puzzle boxes and cats First Trial in Box Situation: stimuli inside of puzzle box Scratch at bars Push at ceiling Dig at floor Howl Etc. After Many Trials in Box Situation: stimuli inside of puzzle box Scratch at bars Push at ceiling Dig at floor Howl Etc. Etc. Etc. Press lever Press lever 16 B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Did not like the term “satisfying” Invented a better appartus--the Skinner box 17 Operant Conditioning Terms Shaping Consequences positive and negative reinforcement positive and negative punishment 18 Reinforcement Schedules Continuous: 1 to 1 ratio, a prize every time Ratio fixed: 1 to ?, a prize every ? time variable: ? to ?, maybe a prize, maybe not! Interval fixed: announced examination variable: pop quiz 19 Classical vs. Operant Conditioning CLASSICAL Stimulus precedes the response and elicits it Elicited responses Learning as a result of association Pavlov OPERANT Stimulus follows the response and strengthens it Emitted responses Learning as a result of consequences Skinner 20 The Basic Concepts of Learning Theory Classical conditioning elicits response as a result of associating unconditioned stimulus neutral stimulus Operant conditioning emitted response learning is a result of consequences reinforcers punishment 21 Observational Learning Specific skills and general behavioral styles Bandura’s cognitive theory 22 The Ecological Perspective Alternative to general-process perspective Learning what to eat 23 Alternative Perspective Role of environment Components of learning 24 Learning What to Eat Food-aversion learning Food-preference learning Food-selection experiment with human infants Social learning and food selection Summary of rules 25 Food-Aversion Learning Classical conditioning or not? 26 Food-Preference Learning Experiments with rats and thiamin 27 Food Selection Experiment Infants’ ability to choose a nutritionally balanced meal 28 Summary of Rules When possible, eat what your elders eat. When you eat a new food, remember its taste and smell 29
