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Transcript
February 6, 2014 • Label the Greece and Asia Minor map with the key places and features. • Then, color the water blue. Early Greece 1. Minoans and Mycenaean a. Minoans of Crete i. 2000 B.C. 1. Established colonies on islands in the Aegean Sea 2. Traded goods with these colonies ii. Minoan Life 1. Buildings a. Solidly constructed b. Private rooms c. Basic plumbing d. Brightly colored artwork on the walls 2. Artwork a. Has helped historians understand Minoan life i. Ships tell us that they were tied to the sea ii. Women appear to have major roles in society iii. Also shows what they did for fun 3. Writing a. They did have a writing system b. Called Linear A i. We do not know how to read it. Linear A script of the Minoans (1700 – 1550 BC) 100 symbols, each representing a syllable iii. Decline 1. Minoan society suddenly fell apart 2. One possible cause was a world-shaking disaster 3. Eventually would be conquered by Mycenae b. The Mycenaean State i. Located on mainland Greece ii. Language was a form of Greek iii. Society 1. Dominated by intense competition 2. Frequent warfare 3. Powerful kings iv. Kings 1. Taxed trade and farming 2. Built great palaces and high walls a. Example: the Lion’s Gate v. Inspired great legends 1. Trojan War a. Greeks fought a powerful city called Troy b. Historians are not sure if the war happened i. Have found remains of a city they believed to be Troy ii. Evidence suggests that the city was destroyed in Battle 2. Greek City-States a. Life in a polis i. A Polis (city-state) became the basic political unit in Greece ii. Each polis had their own law, customs and government iii. A polis was built around a high area called an acropolis 1. Used as a fortress 2. Housed temples to the gods 3. Spaces for public ceremonies iv. Below the acropolis was the agora (marketplace) 1. People did business, gossiped, and discussed politics 2. Shops, houses and more temples surrounded the agora v. City wall surrounded the entire polis b. Sparta i. Located on the large peninsula of southern Greece ii. Took control of the towns around them 1. Made captured people become helots (state slave) 2. Helots were forced to do manual labor iii. Spartans spent their time training for war 1. Built up their army to keep the helots under control iv. Military 1. Demanded toughness and strength from birth 2. Babies were examined for strength after birth a. If found to be unhealthy was left out in the wilderness to die 3. Boys were taught by their mothers until the age of 7 4. At 7 boys went to a school to be trained for combat a. Created by King Lycurgus b. Goal was to prepare the boys for the hardships they would face as soldiers 5. At the end of their training, boys were sent into the wilderness without food or supplies and were expected to survive 6. At 20, boys became hoplites (foot soldiers) 7. Had to serve 10 years in the military, then they could leave and take their place as citizens v. Women 1. Trained in gymnastics for physical fitness 2. Believed they had to be fit to have strong children 3. Had the right to own property vi. Politics 1. Sparta had 2 kings who served as military commanders 2. Council of Elders a. Made the decisions b. Considered an honor to be on this council 3. Gods and Heroes a. Olympic gods i. Greeks believed in hundreds of gods and goddesses ii. Deities governed one aspect of nature of life iii. Believed 12 gods were particularly influential in their lives 1. These 12 gods lived together on Mt. Olympus a. Zeus- King of the gods; god of the Sky b. Hera- Queen of the gods; goddess of marriage and women c. Poseidon- god of the seas and earthquakes d. Hades-god of the underworld e. Demeter- goddess of agriculture f. Hestia- goddess of the hearth and family g. Athena- goddess of wisdom h. Apollo- god of prophecy, healing, poetry, music and the sun i. Artemis-goddess of hunting and the moon j. Ares-god of war k. Aphrodite- goddess of love l. Hephaestus- god of metal work iv. Did not consider the gods to be perfect 1. Greek myths indicate this belief 2. Each polis claimed one god or goddess as its special protector v. Believed some places to be sacred 1. Example: Delphi vi. Olympic Games 1. Held every 4 years b. Myths about Heroes i. Purpose of the myths 1. Used to teach Greeks where they came from and what sort of people they should be a. Hercules i. Son of Zeus ii. Had godlike strength iii. Renown across Greece b. Theseus 1. Athenian prince who killed the Minotaur of Crete 2. Famous only in his home city ii. What they did 1. Killed monsters 2. Made discoveries 3. Founded cities 4. Talked with god almost on equal terms iii. Hubris 1. According to Greek myths heroes could only rise so far 2. Hubris (great pride) brought many heroes to tragic ends 3. Deaths served as a lesson to not overstretch one’s abilities Minoans and Mycenaeans • Use your notes, textbooks, and technology to complete the Minoans vs. Mycenaeans graphic organizer. – Use pages 127 – 129 (including maps) The Odyssey • Read The Odyssey on page 133 of your text. • Then, answer questions 1 and 2 and choose one to complete: – draw a picture of the Trojan War – Write a one-page (minimum) news broadcast about the Trojan War Homework Define the following key terms on your notecards: • Polis (p. 129) • Acropolis (p. 129) • Agora (p. 129) • Helots (p. 130) • Hoplites (p. 130) • • • • Hubris (p. 132) Democracy (p. 135) Tyrant (p. 135) Direct Democracy (p. 136) • Phalanx (p. 136) • Pericles (p. 139) February 7, 2014 • Analyze the map on page 126. With your partner, create a list of Greece's geographic advantages and disadvantages. Then, answer questions 1 and 2. War and Democracy in Greece 1. Athenian Democracy a. Development i. Birth place for democracy was Athens 1. A form of government run by the people ii. Significant Leaders 1. Draco a. Thought the only way to end unrest was through harsh punishment b. He reformed city laws to accomplish this idea c. Harshness of the laws only made things worse 2. Solon a. Overturned Draco’s laws and reformed them b. Outlawed slavery c. Encouraged trade to help reduce poverty d. Allowed all men in Athens to take part in the assembly that governed the city and serve on juries that heard trials e. Only the wealthy could run and hold office f. First real steps toward democracy 3. Peisistratus a. Was a tyrant i. A strong man who seizes power by force and claims to rule for the good of the people b. Was popular with the people c. Pushed aristocrats out of office d. Increased trade to make Athens richer 4. Cleisthenes a. Reforms set the stage for Athenian Democracy b. Divided Athens into 10 tribes i. These tribes would be the basis on for their elections b. Nature of Athenian Democracy i. Only free male Athenians over the age of 20, who completed military training could vote 1. Expected to take part in 4 areas a. Vote in all elections b. Serve in office if elected c. Serve on juries d. Serve in the military during war ii. Athenian democracy consisted of three main bodies 1. Assembly a. Included all people eligible to take part in the government b. Made all the laws and important decisions for Athens c. Direct Democracy i. A type of system in which all people voted directly on the issue 2. Council of 500 a. Main role was to write laws that could be voted on in the assembly 3. Courts a. A complex system that heard trials and sentenced criminals b. Had as many as 6000 members, chosen from the Assembly iii. Elected Officials 1. Generals a. Would lead the city in war 2. Archon a. Chief of state in Athens b. Was the head of the Assembly and Council of 500 c. Served one year terms but could be reelected d. Could be removed from office or punished if he failed to serve the people well c. Golden Age of Athens i. Increased influence 1. Delian League a. Alliance with the city-states of Greece b. Controlled by Athens i. Controlled the league’s ships and money c. League will in essence become an Athenian Empire ii. Rebuilding Athens 1. Used money from the Delian League’s treasury to rebuild the city after the Persian War 2. Built temples on the acropolis a. Grandest was the Parthenon 3. Built new roads, expanded the port and constructed high walls around the city iii. Age of Pericles 1. Pericles a. Elected as one of Athens generals b. Also a politician c. Introduced paid public offices and juries d. Encouraged introduction of democracy into other parts of Greece e. Commissioned the building of the Parthenon 2. War in Greece a. The Persian Wars i. Cause of Conflict 1. Ionian Rebellion a. A Greek city-state conquered by Persian and rebelled against them b. Asked fellow Greeks to help them gain independence c. Persians put rebellion down; wanted to punish those who helped ii. 1st Persian Invasion 1. Persians set out for Greece with tens of thousands of soldiers 2. Landed at Marathon and fought the Athenians there 3. Athenians used a phalanx system to fight the Persians with a. It is a tight rectangular formation in which the soldiers held long spears out ahead of the wall of shields b. Forced Persians to retreat 4. Legend of Marathon a. Messenger ran from Marathon to Athens to tell the news…got there…gave it and then died. He ran about 26 miles. iii. Preparations for 2nd Invasion 1. Darius planned a 2nd attempt but died before he could execute it 2. Xerxes continued with the planning 3. Set out with hundreds of thousands of troops 4. Athens seeks help from other city-states; Sparta answers a. Athens would command the navy b. Sparta would command the army iv. 2nd Persian invasion 1. Thermopylae a. b. c. d. Spartans gathered at the mountain pass of Thermopylae to slow the Persians march on Athens Held them off for several days Persians found a way to surround the Spartans Spartan sacrifice allowed time for the Greek defense 2. Salamis a. Persians headed south to Athens b. Used their fleet to deliver supplies c. Athenian commander lured the Persian fleet into the Strait of Salamis i. Strait was narrow and did not allow for the much larger Persian fleet to maneuver well ii. Greek warships cut down the Persian fleet d. This battle changed the nature of the war 3. Plataea a. The Greek army led by the full might of Sparta crushed the Persians b. After the defeat Persians gave up on the invasion and agreed to a peace settlement b. The Peloponnesian War i. The Peloponnesian League 1. Headed by Sparta 2. Fear the Athenian fleet would cut off their supplies 3. Both sides will declare war on the other ii. War in Greece 1. Lasted for years 2. First part of the war no one gains ground a. Agreed to a truce 3. War starts again when Athens attacked one of Sparta’s allies 4. Sparta takes to both land and sea and defeat the Athenians 5. Athens is forced to surrender 6. Sparta tried to control all of Greece but was unable to do so 7. Sparta will be conquered by Thebes a. Even they cannot control all of Greece b. Leaves a power vacuum in Greece Choose one… • Write a dialogue in which at least two leaders discuss Athenian government. – One page minimum • Create a comic strip depicting a conversation involving at least one Athenian leader. • Imagine you are an Athenian leader. Write a onepage journal entry (including a visual component) discussing your ideas and experiences. ** You may use technology to do additional research ** The Battle of Thermopylae Athens and Persia . Conflict Begins A 4th century rendering of Emperor Darius The Battle of Marathon • Persians and Athenians clashed at Marathon • Persians were unexpectedly defeated • Darius’ son Xerxes planned another attack in 480 BCE The Battle of Thermopylae • Persians vs. small group of Spartans • Spartans held off Persians for 7 days • Persians won battle • Meanwhile, Athens prepared for Persian invasion • Ultimately Greeks won Central Historical Question How many Persians were at the Battle of Thermopylae? February 10, 2014 Can someone teach something so controversial that they should be put to death? Explain your answer. Greek Achievements 1. Philosophy a. Socrates i. First great Athenian philosopher ii. Interested in broad concepts: truth, justice and virtue iii. Believed philosophers could learn what made good people and good societies iv. Believed in order in find answers you have to ask questions 1. Developed what we call the Socratic Method b. Plato i. Student of Socrates ii. A writer i. Most famous work is the Republic iii. Writings covered topics on truth, goodness and the ideal form of government iv. Believed most qualified to lead in government were philosophers v. Wanted to make philosopher’s education more formal vi. Founded the Academy c. Aristotle i. Studied at the Academy ii. Concerned with the nature of the world around him iii. Emphasis on reason and logic 1. Reason- clear and ordered thinking a. Used to learn about the world 2. Logic- process of making inferences a. People use what they already know to infer new facts 2. Literature a. Homer’s epics i. Tell about great events and heroes ii. Both tell stories about the Trojan war 1. The Iliad a. Starts with the last year of the Trojan War b. Story about two mighty heroes: Achilles and Hector 2. The Odyssey a. Tells the story of Odysseus (who angered the gods) b. Forced to wander the seas for 10 years b. Other forms of Poetry i. Descriptive 1. Tells stories ii. Lyric Poetry 1. Deals with emotions and desires 3. History a. Herodotus i. Lived during the Persian wars ii. Wrote The Histories 1. Describes major events: wars, battles, debates b. Thucydides i. Lived during the Peloponnesian War ii. Used primary sources 1. Looked at sources critically and ignored what seemed unreliable and irrelevant 4. Drama a. Art of playwriting b. Two types i. Tragedy 1. Three main writers a. Aeschylus 1. Wrote plays on ancient Greek myths and on events from Athenian history b. Sophocles i. Concentrated his plays on suffering that people brought upon themselves c. Euripides i. Wrote about characters whose tragedy was not brought about by flaws but by chance or irrational behavior ii. Comedy 1.Many were satires, plays written to expose the flaws of their society 5. Greek Architecture and Art a. Architecture i. Parthenon 1. Great and grandest example of Greek architecture 2. Housed the statue of Athena 3. Had no windows 4. Parts of the temple were painted b. Sculpture i. Greeks adept at human form ii. Tried to recreate what they observed iii. Wanted statues to look lifelike and active iv. Did not portray figures as they really were but as physically perfect c. Paintings i. Best examples are found on vases, plates, and other vessels ii. Decorated with scenes from everyday life, myths or legends iii. Two colors used: black or red iv. Lifelike and full of movement The Hellenistic World 1. Macedonia a. Philip II i. Reorganized Macedonian army 1. Adopted the Phalanx system but modified it by using longer spears 2. Also had larger bodies of archers and cavalry ii. Conquered every major citystate in Greece except Sparta iii. Assassinated in 336 B.C.; Son Alexander became king b. Alexander the Great i. 20 years old when he became king ii. Student of Aristotle iii. Re-established control over Greece iv. Attacked Persia in 334 B.C. 1. Alexander’s army was smaller but was loyal to him and was well 2. Defeats Persian army v. Attacked Egypt 1. Welcomed as a liberator 2. Named the new pharaoh vi. Will try to take India but army refused to go on vii. 323 B.C. Alexander dies in Babylon; he was 33 years old viii. Had no heir ix. Empire divided between his top 3 generals 1. Antigonus- King of Macedonia and Greece 2. Seleucus- Persian Empire 3. Ptolemy- Egypt 2. Hellenistic World a. Blending Cultures i. Alexander helped create a new type of culture called Hellenistic or “Greek-like” b. Alexandria i. Built by Alexander, in Egypt ii. Location of the Nile River was ideal for trade iii. Built great palaces and grand monuments 1. The Museum a. 2. Held many works of art The Library of Alexandria a. Contained many works on philosophy, literature, history and the sciences c. Life in the Hellenistic World i. Government 1. 2. City-states were replaced with kingdoms Democracies became monarchies ii. Women 1. 2. Gained the rights to receive an education and to own property Legally they were not equal to men though 3. Hellenistic Achievements a. Philosophy i. Cynicism 1. 2. 3. Called cynics Rejected pleasure, wealth and social responsibility Believed man should live according to nature ii. Epicureans 1. Believed people should seek out pleasure a. Pleasure is viewed as good b. Pain was viewed as evil 2. Believed one should develop close friendships with people who shared similar ideas iii. Stoicism 1. Called Stoics 2. Placed emphasis on reason, self-discipline, emotional control and personal morality 3. Believed people should find their role in society and strive to fulfill it b. Science and Technology i. Euclid 1. Formulated many of the ideas of geometry that we still use today ii. Eratosthenes 1. Calculated the size of the globe iii. Archimedes 1. Developed the compound pulley 2. Invented the mechanical screw Mechanical Screw Compound Pulley Historical Head • Create a historical head for any of the figures: – Socrates – Plato – Aristotle – Homer – Herodotus – Thucydides – Alexander the Great • Include words and symbols to show what your character is thinking • Use color! Sparta v. Athens Graphic Organizer • Complete the graphic organizer comparing Sparta and Athens • Use your notes, textbooks (any in the room), and technology The Battle of Thermopylae Athens and Persia . Conflict Begins A 4th century rendering of Emperor Darius The Battle of Marathon • Persians and Athenians clashed at Marathon • Persians were unexpectedly defeated • Darius’ son Xerxes planned another attack in 480 BCE The Battle of Thermopylae • Persians vs. small group of Spartans • Spartans held off Persians for 7 days • Persians won battle • Meanwhile, Athens prepared for Persian invasion • Ultimately Greeks won Central Historical Question How many Persians were at the Battle of Thermopylae? Final Claim After reading all four documents, how many Persians do you think there were at the Battle of Thermopylae? Make sure to use historical evidence to support your argument. What other types of evidence might you consult to further investigate this question? Answer in no less than 2 paragraphs. Due tomorrow!