Download CH 5.CLASSICAL GREECE.HWH

February 6, 2014
• Label the Greece and Asia Minor map with the
key places and features.
• Then, color the water blue.
Early Greece
1. Minoans and Mycenaean
a. Minoans of Crete
i. 2000 B.C.
1. Established
colonies on
islands in the
Aegean Sea
2. Traded goods
with these
colonies
ii. Minoan Life
1. Buildings
a. Solidly
constructed
b. Private rooms
c. Basic plumbing
d. Brightly colored
artwork on the
walls
2. Artwork
a. Has helped historians
understand Minoan life
i. Ships tell us that
they were tied to the
sea
ii. Women appear to
have major roles in
society
iii. Also shows what
they did for fun
3. Writing
a. They did have a writing system
b. Called Linear A
i. We do not know how to read it.
Linear A script of the Minoans (1700 – 1550 BC)
100 symbols, each representing a syllable
iii. Decline
1. Minoan society suddenly fell apart
2. One possible cause was a world-shaking disaster
3. Eventually would be conquered by Mycenae
b. The Mycenaean
State
i. Located on
mainland Greece
ii. Language was a
form of Greek
iii. Society
1. Dominated by intense competition
2. Frequent warfare
3. Powerful kings
iv. Kings
1. Taxed trade and
farming
2. Built great
palaces and high
walls
a. Example: the
Lion’s Gate
v. Inspired great legends
1. Trojan War
a. Greeks fought a powerful city called Troy
b. Historians are not sure if the war happened
i. Have found remains of a city they believed
to be Troy
ii. Evidence suggests that the city was
destroyed in Battle
2. Greek City-States
a. Life in a polis
i. A Polis (city-state) became the
basic political unit in Greece
ii. Each polis had their own law,
customs and government
iii. A polis was built
around a high area
called an acropolis
1. Used as a fortress
2. Housed temples
to the gods
3. Spaces for public
ceremonies
iv. Below the acropolis was
the agora (marketplace)
1. People did business,
gossiped, and
discussed politics
2. Shops, houses and
more temples
surrounded the agora
v. City wall surrounded the
entire polis
b. Sparta
i. Located on the large
peninsula of southern
Greece
ii. Took control of the
towns around them
1. Made captured
people become
helots (state slave)
2. Helots were forced
to do manual labor
iii. Spartans spent their time training for war
1. Built up their army to keep the helots under
control
iv. Military
1. Demanded toughness and strength from birth
2. Babies were examined for strength after birth
a. If found to be unhealthy was left out in the
wilderness to die
3. Boys were taught by their mothers until the
age of 7
4. At 7 boys went to a school to be trained for
combat
a. Created by King Lycurgus
b. Goal was to prepare the boys for the
hardships they would face as soldiers
5. At the end of their training, boys were sent
into the wilderness without food or supplies
and were expected to survive
6. At 20, boys became hoplites (foot soldiers)
7. Had to serve 10 years in the military, then
they could leave and take their place as
citizens
v. Women
1. Trained in gymnastics for physical
fitness
2. Believed they had to be fit to have
strong children
3. Had the right to own property
vi. Politics
1. Sparta had 2 kings who served as
military commanders
2. Council of Elders
a. Made the decisions
b. Considered an honor to be on this
council
3. Gods and Heroes
a. Olympic gods
i. Greeks believed in hundreds of gods and
goddesses
ii. Deities governed one aspect of nature of
life
iii. Believed 12 gods were particularly
influential in their lives
1. These 12 gods lived together on Mt.
Olympus
a. Zeus- King of the gods;
god of the Sky
b. Hera- Queen of the gods;
goddess of marriage and women
c. Poseidon- god of the seas
and earthquakes
d. Hades-god of the
underworld
e. Demeter- goddess of
agriculture
f. Hestia- goddess of the
hearth and family
g. Athena- goddess of wisdom
h. Apollo- god of prophecy, healing,
poetry, music and the sun
i. Artemis-goddess of hunting
and the moon
j. Ares-god of war
k. Aphrodite- goddess of love
l. Hephaestus- god of metal
work
iv. Did not consider the gods to be
perfect
1. Greek myths indicate this belief
2. Each polis claimed one god or
goddess as its special protector
v. Believed some
places to be sacred
1. Example:
Delphi
vi. Olympic Games
1. Held every 4
years
b. Myths about Heroes
i. Purpose of the myths
1. Used to teach Greeks where
they came from and what sort
of people they should be
a. Hercules
i. Son of Zeus
ii. Had godlike strength
iii. Renown across Greece
b. Theseus
1. Athenian prince
who killed the
Minotaur of
Crete
2. Famous only in
his home city
ii. What they did
1. Killed monsters
2. Made discoveries
3. Founded cities
4. Talked with god almost on equal
terms
iii. Hubris
1. According to Greek myths heroes
could only rise so far
2. Hubris (great pride) brought many
heroes to tragic ends
3. Deaths served as a lesson to not
overstretch one’s abilities
Minoans and Mycenaeans
• Use your notes, textbooks, and technology to
complete the Minoans vs. Mycenaeans graphic
organizer.
– Use pages 127 – 129 (including maps)
The Odyssey
• Read The Odyssey on page 133 of your text.
• Then, answer questions 1 and 2 and choose
one to complete:
– draw a picture of the Trojan War
– Write a one-page (minimum) news broadcast about
the Trojan War
Homework
Define the following
key terms on your
notecards:
• Polis (p. 129)
• Acropolis (p. 129)
• Agora (p. 129)
• Helots (p. 130)
• Hoplites (p. 130)
•
•
•
•
Hubris (p. 132)
Democracy (p. 135)
Tyrant (p. 135)
Direct Democracy (p.
136)
• Phalanx (p. 136)
• Pericles (p. 139)
February 7, 2014
• Analyze the map on page 126. With your
partner, create a list of Greece's geographic
advantages and disadvantages. Then, answer
questions 1 and 2.
War and Democracy in
Greece
1. Athenian Democracy
a. Development
i. Birth place for democracy was
Athens
1. A form of government run by
the people
ii. Significant Leaders
1. Draco
a. Thought the only way to end unrest
was through harsh punishment
b. He reformed city laws to accomplish
this idea
c. Harshness of the laws only made
things worse
2. Solon
a. Overturned Draco’s laws and reformed them
b. Outlawed slavery
c. Encouraged trade to help reduce poverty
d. Allowed all men in Athens to take part in the
assembly that governed the city and serve on
juries that heard trials
e. Only the wealthy could run and hold office
f. First real steps toward democracy
3. Peisistratus
a. Was a tyrant
i. A strong man who seizes power by
force and claims to rule for the
good of the people
b. Was popular with the people
c. Pushed aristocrats out of office
d. Increased trade to make Athens
richer
4. Cleisthenes
a. Reforms set the stage for Athenian
Democracy
b. Divided Athens into 10 tribes
i. These tribes would be the basis
on for their elections
b. Nature of Athenian Democracy
i. Only free male Athenians over the
age of 20, who completed military
training could vote
1. Expected to take part in 4 areas
a. Vote in all elections
b. Serve in office if elected
c. Serve on juries
d. Serve in the military during war
ii. Athenian democracy consisted of three
main bodies
1. Assembly
a. Included all people eligible to take
part in the government
b. Made all the laws and important
decisions for Athens
c. Direct Democracy
i. A type of system in which all
people voted directly on the issue
2. Council of 500
a. Main role was to write laws that
could be voted on in the assembly
3. Courts
a. A complex system that heard trials
and sentenced criminals
b. Had as many as 6000 members,
chosen from the Assembly
iii. Elected Officials
1. Generals
a. Would lead the city in war
2. Archon
a. Chief of state in Athens
b. Was the head of the Assembly and Council
of 500
c. Served one year terms but could be reelected
d. Could be removed from office or punished
if he failed to serve the people well
c. Golden Age of Athens
i. Increased influence
1. Delian League
a. Alliance with the city-states of
Greece
b. Controlled by Athens
i. Controlled the league’s ships and
money
c. League will in essence become an
Athenian Empire
ii. Rebuilding Athens
1. Used money from the Delian League’s
treasury to rebuild the city after the Persian
War
2. Built temples on the acropolis
a. Grandest was the Parthenon
3. Built new roads, expanded the port and
constructed high walls around the city
iii. Age of Pericles
1. Pericles
a. Elected as one of Athens generals
b. Also a politician
c. Introduced paid public offices and juries
d. Encouraged introduction of democracy
into other parts of Greece
e. Commissioned the building of the
Parthenon
2. War in Greece
a. The Persian Wars
i. Cause of Conflict
1. Ionian Rebellion
a. A Greek city-state conquered by Persian
and rebelled against them
b. Asked fellow Greeks to help them gain
independence
c. Persians put rebellion down; wanted to
punish those who helped
ii. 1st Persian Invasion
1. Persians set out for
Greece with tens
of thousands of
soldiers
2. Landed at
Marathon and
fought the
Athenians there
3. Athenians used a phalanx
system to fight the
Persians with
a. It is a tight
rectangular formation
in which the soldiers
held long spears out
ahead of the wall of
shields
b. Forced Persians to
retreat
4. Legend of Marathon
a. Messenger ran from Marathon to
Athens to tell the news…got
there…gave it and then died. He ran
about 26 miles.
iii. Preparations for 2nd Invasion
1. Darius planned a 2nd attempt but died before he
could execute it
2. Xerxes continued with the planning
3. Set out with hundreds of thousands of troops
4. Athens seeks help from other city-states; Sparta
answers
a. Athens would command the navy
b. Sparta would command the army
iv. 2nd Persian invasion
1. Thermopylae
a.
b.
c.
d.
Spartans gathered at the
mountain pass of
Thermopylae to slow the
Persians march on
Athens
Held them off for
several days
Persians found a way to
surround the Spartans
Spartan sacrifice
allowed time for the
Greek defense
2. Salamis
a. Persians headed south
to Athens
b. Used their fleet to
deliver supplies
c. Athenian commander lured the Persian fleet
into the Strait of Salamis
i.
Strait was narrow and did not allow for the much
larger Persian fleet to maneuver well
ii. Greek warships cut down the Persian fleet
d. This battle changed the nature of the war
3. Plataea
a. The Greek army led by
the full might of Sparta
crushed the Persians
b. After the defeat
Persians gave up on the
invasion and agreed to
a peace settlement
b. The Peloponnesian War
i. The Peloponnesian League
1. Headed by Sparta
2. Fear the Athenian fleet would cut
off their supplies
3. Both sides will declare war on the
other
ii. War in Greece
1. Lasted for years
2. First part of the war no one gains ground
a. Agreed to a truce
3. War starts again when Athens attacked
one of Sparta’s allies
4. Sparta takes to both land and sea and
defeat the Athenians
5. Athens is forced to surrender
6. Sparta tried to control all of Greece but was
unable to do so
7. Sparta will be conquered by Thebes
a. Even they cannot control all of Greece
b. Leaves a power vacuum in Greece
Choose one…
• Write a dialogue in which at least two leaders
discuss Athenian government.
– One page minimum
• Create a comic strip depicting a conversation
involving at least one Athenian leader.
• Imagine you are an Athenian leader. Write a onepage journal entry (including a visual component)
discussing your ideas and experiences.
** You may use technology to do additional research **
The Battle of Thermopylae
Athens and Persia
.
Conflict Begins
A 4th century rendering of Emperor Darius
The Battle of Marathon
• Persians and Athenians
clashed at Marathon
• Persians were unexpectedly
defeated
• Darius’ son Xerxes planned
another attack in 480 BCE
The Battle of Thermopylae
• Persians vs. small group of Spartans
• Spartans held off Persians for 7 days
• Persians won battle
• Meanwhile, Athens prepared for
Persian invasion
• Ultimately Greeks won
Central Historical Question
How many Persians were at
the Battle of Thermopylae?
February 10, 2014
Can someone teach something so
controversial that they should be put
to death?
Explain your answer.
Greek Achievements
1. Philosophy
a. Socrates
i. First great Athenian philosopher
ii. Interested in broad concepts: truth, justice and
virtue
iii. Believed philosophers could learn what made
good people and good societies
iv. Believed in order in find answers you have to ask
questions
1. Developed what we call the Socratic Method
b. Plato
i. Student of Socrates
ii. A writer
i. Most famous work is the Republic
iii. Writings covered topics on truth, goodness and the
ideal form of government
iv. Believed most qualified to lead in government were
philosophers
v. Wanted to make philosopher’s education more
formal
vi. Founded the Academy
c. Aristotle
i. Studied at the Academy
ii. Concerned with the nature of the world around him
iii. Emphasis on reason and logic
1. Reason- clear and ordered thinking
a. Used to learn about the world
2. Logic- process of making inferences
a. People use what they already know to infer
new facts
2. Literature
a. Homer’s epics
i. Tell about great events and heroes
ii. Both tell stories about the Trojan war
1.
The Iliad
a. Starts with the last year of the Trojan War
b. Story about two mighty heroes: Achilles and
Hector
2. The Odyssey
a. Tells the story of Odysseus (who angered the
gods)
b. Forced to wander the seas for 10 years
b.
Other forms of Poetry
i. Descriptive
1. Tells stories
ii. Lyric Poetry
1. Deals with emotions and
desires
3. History
a. Herodotus
i. Lived during the Persian wars
ii. Wrote The Histories
1. Describes major events: wars,
battles, debates
b. Thucydides
i. Lived during the Peloponnesian
War
ii. Used primary sources
1. Looked at sources critically and
ignored what seemed unreliable
and irrelevant
4. Drama
a. Art of playwriting
b. Two types
i. Tragedy
1. Three main writers
a. Aeschylus
1. Wrote plays on ancient Greek
myths and on events from
Athenian history
b. Sophocles
i. Concentrated his plays on suffering
that people brought upon themselves
c. Euripides
i. Wrote about characters whose tragedy
was not brought about by flaws but by
chance or irrational behavior
ii. Comedy
1.Many were satires, plays
written to expose the flaws
of their society
5. Greek Architecture and Art
a. Architecture
i. Parthenon
1. Great and grandest example of
Greek architecture
2. Housed the statue of Athena
3. Had no windows
4. Parts of the temple were painted
b. Sculpture
i. Greeks adept at human form
ii. Tried to recreate what they
observed
iii. Wanted statues to look lifelike and
active
iv. Did not portray figures as they
really were but as physically perfect
c. Paintings
i.
Best examples are found on vases, plates, and
other vessels
ii. Decorated with scenes from everyday life, myths
or legends
iii. Two colors used: black or red
iv. Lifelike and full of movement
The Hellenistic World
1. Macedonia
a. Philip II
i. Reorganized Macedonian army
1. Adopted the Phalanx system but
modified it by using longer
spears
2. Also had larger bodies of archers
and cavalry
ii. Conquered every major citystate in Greece except Sparta
iii. Assassinated in 336 B.C.; Son
Alexander became king
b. Alexander the Great
i. 20 years old when
he became king
ii. Student of Aristotle
iii. Re-established
control over Greece
iv. Attacked Persia in 334 B.C.
1. Alexander’s army was smaller but was loyal to
him and was well
2. Defeats Persian army
v. Attacked Egypt
1. Welcomed as a liberator
2. Named the new pharaoh
vi. Will try to take India but army refused to go
on
vii. 323 B.C. Alexander dies in Babylon; he was
33 years old
viii. Had no heir
ix. Empire divided
between his top 3
generals
1. Antigonus- King of
Macedonia and
Greece
2. Seleucus- Persian
Empire
3. Ptolemy- Egypt
2. Hellenistic World
a. Blending Cultures
i.
Alexander helped create a new type of culture
called Hellenistic or “Greek-like”
b. Alexandria
i. Built by Alexander, in Egypt
ii. Location of the Nile River was ideal for trade
iii. Built great palaces and grand monuments
1.
The Museum
a.
2.
Held many works of art
The Library of Alexandria
a.
Contained many works on philosophy, literature, history and
the sciences
c. Life in the Hellenistic World
i.
Government
1.
2.
City-states were replaced with kingdoms
Democracies became monarchies
ii. Women
1.
2.
Gained the rights to receive an education and to own
property
Legally they were not equal to men though
3. Hellenistic Achievements
a. Philosophy
i.
Cynicism
1.
2.
3.
Called cynics
Rejected pleasure, wealth and social responsibility
Believed man should live according to nature
ii. Epicureans
1. Believed people should seek out pleasure
a. Pleasure is viewed as good
b. Pain was viewed as evil
2. Believed one should develop close friendships
with people who shared similar ideas
iii. Stoicism
1. Called Stoics
2. Placed emphasis on reason, self-discipline,
emotional control and personal morality
3. Believed people should find their role in society
and strive to fulfill it
b. Science and Technology
i.
Euclid
1.
Formulated many of the ideas of geometry that we
still use today
ii. Eratosthenes
1.
Calculated the size of the globe
iii. Archimedes
1. Developed the
compound pulley
2. Invented the
mechanical screw
Mechanical Screw
Compound Pulley
Historical Head
• Create a historical
head for any of the
figures:
– Socrates
– Plato
– Aristotle
– Homer
– Herodotus
– Thucydides
– Alexander the Great
• Include words and
symbols to show what
your character is
thinking
• Use color!
Sparta v. Athens Graphic Organizer
• Complete the graphic organizer comparing
Sparta and Athens
• Use your notes, textbooks (any in the room),
and technology
The Battle of Thermopylae
Athens and Persia
.
Conflict Begins
A 4th century rendering of Emperor Darius
The Battle of Marathon
• Persians and Athenians
clashed at Marathon
• Persians were unexpectedly
defeated
• Darius’ son Xerxes planned
another attack in 480 BCE
The Battle of Thermopylae
• Persians vs. small group of Spartans
• Spartans held off Persians for 7 days
• Persians won battle
• Meanwhile, Athens prepared for
Persian invasion
• Ultimately Greeks won
Central Historical Question
How many Persians were at
the Battle of Thermopylae?
Final Claim
After reading all four documents, how many
Persians do you think there were at the Battle of
Thermopylae? Make sure to use historical
evidence to support your argument. What other
types of evidence might you consult to further
investigate this question?
Answer in no less than 2 paragraphs. Due
tomorrow!