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By AJ Brown The Present Perfect Tense A Tense with Two Meanings… What does it look like? • I have known him for six years. • Jean has been to the Ukraine three times this year. • I haven’t done my homework yet. • Have you ever ridden an elephant? • I have been waiting for help since 1 p.m.! • She has never seen snow. • How many times have you eaten at Ming’s? What does it mean? The present perfect verb tense has two different meanings. 1.The action of the verb happened at an unspecified time in the past. (In the past, but we don’t know when.) 2.The action of the verb started in the past and continues to now (and will probably continue to the future, as well). #1 unspecified time in the past Peter has already seen that movie. (When? I don’t know, but it doesn’t matter.) My sister has traveled to many countries. (When? I don’t know, but it doesn’t matter.) My mother has been to Africa. (When? I don’t know, but it doesn’t matter.) I have never been to Africa. (When? Not last year. Not the year before. Not any year.) See the difference… • Simple past (exact time is known) When? Yesterday. I saw that movie yesterday. • Present perfect (exact time is NOT known) When? I don’t know, but I have already seen that movie. before. • Simple past (exact time is known) When? In 1990. In 1990, she lived in Europe. • Present perfect (exact time is NOT known) When? I don’t know, but She has lived in Europe before. before. #2 started in the past and continues to now Peter has played the violin since 2004. (began in 2004 and continues to today...) My sister has lived in Berkeley for ten years. (began in 2000 and continues to today...) My mother has driven a Toyota since 1981. (began in 1981 and continues to today...) I have had dreadlocks for three years. (began in 2007 and continues to today...) See the difference… • Simple past (finished!) Now? No, I don’t live there now. I lived in Spain in 1990. • Present perfect (continues…) Now? Yes, he still lives in He has lived in Spain since 1990. Spain. • Simple past (finished!) Now? No, he isn’t in Two weeks ago, he was in Italy. Italy.. • Present perfect (continues…) Now? Yes, he is still He has been in Italy for two weeks. in Italy. Words that go with the present perfect tense… #1 since • Since means something started in the past and Whenuntil it introduces continues now… a time clause, use the simple • It is followed bypastthe specific point (day, year, tense in the since time, etc.) in time that it started. clause! AJ has been in her office since seven o’clock. They have been married since 2002. I have known him since I was a girl. Words that go with the present perfect tense… #2 for If the noun is plural (hours, weeks, years, etc.), USE for in the time expression…NOT since. • For also means something started in the past and continues until now… • It is followed by the specific length of time (hours, years, weeks, etc.). I have known him for six months. They have been married for twenty years. AJ has been in her office for almost an hour. Words that go with the present NOT USED in negative perfect tense… statements. #3 already • Already means something happened before… • It is most commonly written between the auxiliary and main verbs. I have already seen that movie. (When? I don’t know, but before now.) They have already eaten lunch. (When? I don’t know, but before now.) Words that go with the present perfect tense… ONLY USED in negative statements or questions. #4 yet • Yet means something didn’t happen before, but it might in the future. • It is most commonly written at the end of a sentence. I haven’t seen that movie yet. (I didn’t see it before, but maybe I will.) Have they eaten lunch yet? (Did they eat before? I don’t know.) Words that go with the present ONLY USED in perfect tense… negative perfect tense statements. #5 still • Still means something continues without any change. • It is most commonly written before the verb. I still haven’t seen that movie. (Not seeing the movie continues…) He still has not written the essay. (Not writing continues…) Words that go with the present ONLY USED in perfect tense… questions. #6 ever • Ever means at any time in the past. • It is most commonly written after the subject and before the main verb. Have you ever met some one from Mongolia? No, I haven’t. Has he ever been to India? Yes, he has. Words that go with the present ONLY USED in statements to showperfect tense… 0%. #7 never • Never means at NO time in the past. • It is most commonly written after the subject and before the main verb. He has never been to Japan. (Not at any time in the past.) AJ has never tasted Kabsa. (Not last year, the year before, or any other time)