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Download Unit 7 - Student Notes - Pleasantville High School
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Unit 7: The Rise of Islam Arabia: The Birthplace of Islam (Background) The ___________________________ is a desert region with little fertile soil (primarily around ______________). Most Arabs lived in desert tribes (______________) which were centered around families & were ruled by clans. Arabia was not united under a single gov’t, but Arabs did have a common language (Arabic). Most Arabs were polytheistic. But, Arabia was the intersection of 3 continents (Africa, Asia, & Europe) so it was an important region for trade & had lots of cultural diffusion One of the wealthiest trade cities in Arabia was ________, at the crossroads of two major caravan routes. Mecca was also a religious city; The ______________ was a house of worship that held statues of hundreds of gods Arabs made pilgrimages to Mecca to visit the Ka’aba. Overview of Islam Around 600 AD, a new monotheistic religion began called Islam: o The faith was founded by the prophet Muhammad. o His followers, called Muslims, spread Islam throughout the Middle East, Africa, Asia, & Europe. The Early Life of Muhammad He was born in Mecca in 570 into a powerful clan, was orphaned at a young age, & was raised by his grandparents As an adult, Muhammad became an honest & successful ___________ He married Khadijah, a wealthy widow & started a family Muhammad & the Founding of Islam Muhammad’s work brought him into contact with Jewish & Christian merchants In 610, Muhammad went to meditate in a cave and was told by the angel Gabriel that he was a ________________ sent to Earth by God He began preaching a new monotheistic faith called _______________ ____________________ His followers were known as __________________________________ Basic Beliefs of Islam Muslims believe in one God, called _________________ Allah is the same God worshipped by Jews & Christians __________________________________________________________ Initial Reactions to Islam By 613, Muhammad began preaching his new ideas in Mecca Some people were attracted to Islam But, many people feared Muhammad’s growing popularity & that Mecca would lose its status as a holy city The Hijrah (Mecca to Medina) After years of attacks, in 622, Muhammad & his followers fled to _______________ – This migration was known as the ________________ – In Medina, Muhammad gained new converts who put Islam above their families & clans – He taught respect for Christians & Jews (“___________________________________”) Return to Mecca In 630, Muhammad returned to Mecca with 10,000 troops & conquered the city He destroyed the god statues in the Ka’aba, and called for prayer on the roof of the Ka’aba. This time, the people in Mecca converted to Islam and joined the ______________________________________ In 632, Muhammad died The Five Pillars of Islam 1st Pillar: Shahadah (________________________________) o “There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah” 2nd Pillar: Salat (Prayer) o _____________________________________________________________________________________ o They may assemble at a ______________ (Islamic House of Worship) or wherever they find themselves. rd 3 Pillar: Zakat (____________) o Support the less fortunate by giving money to the poor. th 4 Pillar: Siyam (Fasting) o During the Islamic holy month of ________________, Muslims fast. o “Greater Needs than Bread” 5th Pillar: __________________________ o All Muslims must perform a pilgrimage to Mecca in their lifetime. o Pilgrims wear identical garments so that they all stand before Allah as equals. Additional Beliefs of Islam _____________________________________________________________________ o ______________________________________________________________ Qur’an – Holy Text of Islam o Qur’an - final authority on all religious matters o Complete guide to life; ethical and moral behavior o Written in Arabic- must be learned since only Arabic can be used in worship. o Acts as unifying force Shari’a - ____________________________________________________________________________________ o ____________________________________________________________________________________ o Unites all Muslims. Women in Islamic Society _____________________________________________________ Protected under law – inheritance laws guaranteed women a share of her parents’ and husband’s property Right to education, Consent to marriage, Divorce possible but difficult for women Overtime adapt Persian customs- separation of women o Purdah – _________________________________________________________________ Islam after Muhammad under 4 Rightly Guided Caliphs When Muhammad died in 632, the Muslim community elected a new leader called a __________ (“successor”) The first 4 caliphs all knew Muhammad & promised to stay true to the Qur'an & Muhammad’s message The first caliph was Muhammad’s friend & father-in-law, ___________________________: o His goal was to keep Muslims united under his gov’t (“caliphate”) o He used jihad to control & expand the Muslim empire into Syria and the Persian Empire Expansion under the Rightly Guided Caliphs During the Rightly Guided Caliphates, the Islamic Empire expanded “_______________________” (the areas where Islam is practiced) The caliphate never forced non-Muslims to convert, especially “People of the Book” & ___________________________________ ______________________________________________________ The caliphs used the Shari'a (laws of Islam) to govern the empire The Islamic Empire After Muhammad, Islamic leaders created an empire: o The Islamic Empire had well-trained troops that conquered nearby regions (weakening Byzantine and Persian Empires) o The massive empire led to great wealth for Muslims & new opportunities to spread Islam How did the Muslims treat conquered people? Special tax on non-Muslims- but allowed to practice own religion and live under own laws Some Christians and Jews allowed to have key roles in Muslim Empire People convert to Islam- _______________________________________________________________ The Umayyad Empire leads to Division After Ali’s death (the last of the Rightly Guided Caliphs) in 661 led to a civil war: The clan that came to power started the Umayyad Empire But the rise of the Umayyads led to a division in Islam The Sunni-Shi’a – Division of Islam Before the Umayyads, caliphs were elected members of Muhammad’s family Sunni Muslims Sunni Muslims accepted the rule of the Umayyads _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Shi’a (Shiite) Muslims Shi’a Muslims rejected the Umayyads _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Third Group: ___________ _____________________________________________ Pursue a life of poverty and devotion to spiritual path. _____________________________________________ Whirling Dervishes in Turkey an example The Umayyad Empire leads to Expansion The Umayyads expanded the empire which brought wealth & new Islamic converts. Capital moved from Mecca to _____________________ Umayyads surrounded with ceremony. Relied on local officials (Byzantine and Persian influence) In 732, _____________________________________________________ In 750, _____________________________________________________ Under the Abbasids, the Islamic Empire grew to its greatest extent Muslims expand into Spain Spanish Muslims called _________________________ Spanish Jews called Maranos Spain is center of great cultural achievements under Islamic rule Arts and literature and science Greek ideas taught and discussed Wonderful architecture- ________________________ Also take control of Sicily The Abbasid Empire (750 to 1258) The Abbasid caliphate built a strong gov’t bureaucracy to rule their empire Capital - Baghdad Muslim merchants expanded wealth by trading across Africa, Indian Ocean, and Mediterranean Sea Minarets-___________________ whereby the ____________________ (mosque official) calls the faithful to prayer Wealth from trade led to a golden age, a time of great Muslim achievements in science, math, medicine, & architecture Decline of the Abbasid Caliphate (Preview of what is to come…) _____________________ –migrate from Central Asia to Middle East in the 900s and threaten the Byzantine Empire o Adopt Islam o Leader called a ______________ o Fight the Christians in Constantinople o The Crusades _____________________ o ____________________________- 1216- marches across Central Asia o Loots Baghdad –kills the last Abbasid caliph- eventually the Mongols convert to Islam o ____________________________- over runs Persia and Mesopotamia then heads toward India Golden Age of Islam: Achievements Trading and Commerce ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Merchants seen as an ________________________________________ Extensive trade routes help to spread Islam via __________________ “Arabic” numerals from India Sugar from India Papermaking from China Prosperous money economy – Sakk - _____________________________________________ – Partnerships and letters of credit ■ ■ Architecture- __________________________________________ The City of Baghdad – the Abbasids’ capital city was one of the most glorious in the world. It took 100,000 architects and workers four years to build the capital. Mosques – an important type of building was the mosque, the Muslim house of worship. Mosques usually had towers, courtyards, & prayer rooms. The designs reflected the great diversity of the empire. Jerusalem – ____________________________________________ Manufacturing ■ Guilds regulate prices of handmade items – ______________________________ from Damascus – ______________________________ from Cordoba – ______________________________ from Egypt – ______________________________ from Persia ■ Muslims developed a type of art known as ____________________ that used ornate, abstract drawings and geometric patterns to decorate objects and books. (_______________________________) _______________________________, the art of beautiful handwriting, was considered to be the best art form of the day. Textiles and music were two other influential ways that Muslim art developed during the period. City Building and Architecture ■ ■ Art and Music ■ ■ Bookmaking & Literature ■ ■ Muslims learned how to make paper from the Chinese and began making lots of books. Baghdad had over 100 bookshops. Arab and Persian stories, poetry and prose were collected into books. A famous example is _________________________________________ – In this book, a wife tells her husband a new tale each night, including Aladdin and the Magic Lamp, Ali Baba and Sinbad the Sailor, that are still known today. – Poetry- Firdawsi- history of Persia- The Book of Kings – __________________________________________________________________ Scholarship & Learning ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Arabic language helped promote learning. Boys and girls- elementary education Scholars came together in Baghdad to do research and translate texts from Greece, Persia, India and China into Arabic at the “__________________________________________”. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Golden Age of Islam: Achievements (Continued) Mathematics ■ ■ ■ Muslims based their work in math in part on ideas from India and classical Greece. One scholar, _________________________________________________________ which is used to solve problems with unknown numbers. Algebra helped popularize Arabic numerals in Europe and spread the concept of zero. In fact, the word ______________comes from an Arabic word meaning “___________________________________”. Science & Technology ■ ■ ■ Geography & Navigation ■ ■ ■ Muslim scholars examined plants and animals in different regions and divided the world into climate zones. Created ________________________________________________ that include trade routes and information about lands under Muslim rule. Travelers, like Ibn Battuta, recorded information about their journeys all over the Muslim lands and beyond. Medicine ■ ■ ■ ■ Recreation ■ Fun was also a part of the Islamic culture and two favorite pastimes were: – Polo – __________________________________________, polo is a sport in which teams on horseback use mallets (wooden sticks) to strike a ball through a goal. – Chess – ___________________________________________________________, ___________________________________but this game of skill was spread across Muslim lands and introduced into Europe. Muslim scholars made great advances in astronomy. _________________________________________________ (an instrument that uses position of objects in the sky to find one’s location) could be used to locate the direction of Mecca. Restoration of old irrigation systems, built dams and aqueducts and used waterwheels to help the water supply. ■ Muslims established the world’s first __________________ and based their knowledge on the works of ancient Greece, Mesopotamia and Egypt. ____________________________________________ have to pass tests to practice. Doctors treated ailments through drugs, diet and exercise. They also performed operations and used stitches after surgeries. – ______________________________________________________. The Persian philosopher, __________________ was also a great doctor who wrote amassed an encyclopedia that discussed the treatment of diseases. _____________________________ composed a textbook on medicine