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Raven & Berg HW Ch. 5
CHAPTER OUTLINE:
I. Community structure and
composition
A. Natural selection, populations,
and community structure
B. Succession and community
structure
1. What is succession?
2. Primary succession: who,
where, how long, and
examples
3. Secondary succession:
who, where, how long,
and examples
C. Keystone species and
community structure
D. Species richness due to
community structure
1. Margins and
environmental stress
2. Ecosystem services
II. Species interactions
A. Symbiosis
1. Mutualism
2. Commensalism
3. Parasitism
B. Competition
C. Predator-prey interactions
1. Pursuit and ambush
2. Herbivory and plant
defenses
3. Defenses and adaptation
D. Coevolution
III. Ecological niche
A. Definition
B. Fundamental vs. realized niche
1. Limiting factors
2. Competitive exclusion
3. Resource partitioning
CHAPTER QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER
1. What are the basic requirements for natural selection?
2. During mating season, male giraffes slam their necks together in fighting bouts to determine which male is
stronger and can therefore mate with females. Explain how long necks may have evolved under this
scenario, using Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.
3. Explain how keystone species affect an ecosystem. Include two examples in your explanation.
4. Define coevolution. Describe at least 2 different examples representing different types of organism
interactions.
5. Consider species such as northern spotted owls, California condors, or grizzly bears. Would you expect
such species that are being heavily affected by human activity to be able to respond by short-term
evolution? Why or why not?
6. Describe the three types of selection and be able to give an example of each.
7. Describe the three types of evolution and be able to give an example of each.
8. Define symbiosis. Identify and briefly describe the 3 different types of symbiotic relationships.
9. List and describe three plant defenses against herbivores.
10. Compare and contrast the following terms: warning coloration and camouflage.
11. List and describe three animal prey defenses against predators.
12. Explain the circumstances under which a prey organism would have coloration that would make it more
visible to a predator. Include three specific examples of organisms that use this strategy.
13. Define ecological niche. What role does competition play in determining an organism's ecological niche?
Be sure to discuss both types of ecological niche.
14. Describe and thoroughly explain how evolution has affected predator-prey relationships.
15. Compare and contrast the following terms: intraspecific competition and interspecific competition.
16. What is a limiting factor and how does it relate to competitive exclusion and resource partitioning.
17. Briefly explain the role of limiting factors in the determination of an organism's ecological niche.
18. Why is a realized niche usually narrower, or more restricted than a fundamental niche?
19. Draw a flow diagram of an old field undergoing succession. What type of succession is this?
20. Describe some ecosystem services provided by a forest.