Download Chapter 3: Ancient Indian Civilizations

The Strait of Gibraltar
Rock of Gibraltar or Jabal Tariq "Mountain of Tariq"
Chapter 9 - The Islamic World
Section 2: The Spread of Islam
Section 2: The Spread of Islam
Main Idea
After Muhammad’s death, Islam spread beyond the
Arabian Peninsula, shaping a major empire within
100 years. While the empire eventually broke into
smaller parts, Islam continued to spread.
Objectives
• How did Islam evolve after Muhammad’s death?
• What were key events of the Umayyad dynasty?
• What changes occurred under the Abbasid dynasty?
• What led to the end of the caliphate’s unity?
I. Islam after Muhammad’s Death
AD 632 - Muhammad died without naming a
successor; Abu Bakr chosen as caliph
Muhammad and Abu Bakr visit poor Bedouins who have no food
to share until the Prophet makes their ewe give milk
I. Islam after Muhammad’s Death
Abu Bakr built an Arab army, unified Arabia,
and led forces north
I. Islam after Muhammad’s Death
Umar succeeded Abu Bakr as caliph; conquered
Persian Empire and Iraq
I. Islam after Muhammad’s Death
Arabs attacked the Byzantine Empire and
failed; took Syria, Jerusalem, and Egypt
II. Internal conflict and Division
Uthman became next caliph, supported by
Umayyad clan; was soon murdered
II. Internal conflict and Division
Disagreement over caliph split Muslims; Ali
chosen as caliph and war broke out between
Ali’s forces and Umayyads
Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (c.598-661)
was the cousin and son-inlaw of the Islamic prophet
Muhammad and ruled over
the Islamic Caliphate from
656 to 661
II. Internal conflict and Division
Ali was assassinated; Umayyads took control
and Mu‘awiyah became caliph
Mu’awiyah: First caliph of the Umayyad Dynasty
II. Internal conflict and Division
Most Muslims accepted Mu‘awiyah as caliph –
Known as the Sunni, or “followers of the Sunna”
II. Internal conflict and Division
Ali’s followers believed only his descendants
should be caliphs; the Shia – “party of Ali”
II. Internal conflict and Division
Split became permanent when Umayyads killed
Ali’s son, Husayn
Mausoleum of Imam Husayn, Kerbala, Iraq
II. Internal conflict and Division
A third group emerged - the Sufi, Muslim
mystics who lived simple lives centered on God
Whirling Dervishes
The Sufi Whirling Dervishes of Istanbul - YouTube
III. The Umayyad Dynasty
Muslim rule spread under the Umayyad caliphs
III. The Umayyad Dynasty
Achievements:
Arabic official language
Common currency
First work of Islamic architecture - Dome of
the Rock in Jerusalem
The winged steed Buraq,
carries Muhammad to the
"farthest mosque"
Muhammad meets Gabriel on
his night journey
IV. The Abbasid Dynasty
740s – the Abbasids, led by descendants of
Muhammad’s uncle, wipe out Umayyads
IV. The Abbasid Dynasty
Abbasids move capital to Baghdad; end of
Arab domination of Muslim world
V. The End of Unity
European Christian armies weaken Muslim
rule: i.e. Spain and Crusades
V. The End of Unity
1055 – Seljuk Turks rose to power and took
control of Baghdad
V. The End of Unity
1200 - Mamluks took control of Egypt and Syria
V. The End of Unity
1258 - Mongols destroy Baghdad, kill Abbasid
caliph – the end of the caliphate
Now I Get It: Sunni vs. Shia
by Katie Couric
Yahoo Global News Anchor Katie Couric
explains why there’s such bad blood
between Sunni and Shia Muslims in Iraq.
Sunni vs Shia Muslims
Shiite Muslim worshippers, stained by their own blood from self inflicted
wounds, during the festival of Ashura, where the faithful show their grief
over the killing of Hussein at the Battle of Karbala in 680.
Ashura is a major festival that commemorates the death of Husayn (also
spelled Hussein), grandson of Muhammad. The event led to the final split
between the Sunni and Shia sects of Islam.