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Unit 5 States of Consciousness & the TwoTrack Mind PLEASE DO NOW! *Answer True or False to the following: 1. People can dream in black & white 2. Some people never dream 3. Sleep is not necessary & with practice people can do without it 4. It’s dangerous to wake a sleep walker 5. If someone has nightmares it means they have serious emotional problems 6. All dreams have underlying meanings 7. We can learn during sleep 8. Scientists agree on why we dream 9. In general, teens need more sleep than adults 10. Scientists agree that hypnosis can make the subject do things he/she normally would not 11. Sleepwalkers are acting out their dreams. 12. Sleep experts recommend treating insomnia with an occasional sleeping pill. 13. Some people dream every night; others seldom dream. 14. When people dream of performing some activity, their limbs often move in concert with the dream. 15. Older adults sleep longer than younger adults. Overview of Topics in this Chapter the definition and nature of consciousness the consequences of having a dual-track mind the rhythms and functions of sleep and dreams the nature and effects of hypnosis the substances that affect consciousness drug dependence and abuse Consciousness is… alertness; being awake vs. being unconscious self-awareness; the ability to think about self having free will; being able to make a “conscious” decision a person’s mental content, thoughts, and imaginings To explore the nature of consciousness, it helps to first choose a definition. In the text, consciousness is defined as: “our awareness of ourselves and our environment.” Aren’t animals aware of their environment? If so, is our awareness different?... Possibly…because we have (uniquely?) a narrative experience of that awareness. The central theory of conscious behavior can be found in: Conscious Subconscious Unconscious Chapter Topics This chapter is concerned with: the quality our mental experience. the role of the brain in that experience. the way that experience is affected by the two tracks of mental experience. the way that experience is altered by sleep. hypnosis. psychoactive drugs. Forms of Consciousness https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAIfGYAhwQA Psychology’s Relationship to this Topic Psychology was once defined as “the description and explanation of states of consciousness.” Now, consciousness is just one topic among many for psychologists. Cognitive neuroscience allows us to revisit this topic and see how the brain is involved. Brain and Consciousness: Findings and Debates Finding Some rare “unconscious” patients have brain responses to conversation. Implication Don’t judge a book by its cover when it comes to consciousness. Debate What is going on in the brain that generates our experience of consciousness? One View Synchronized, coordinated brain activity generates consciousness, or at least is a sign that conscious activity is occurring. While out for a bike ride, you can think about what you’ll make for dinner rather than concentrate on how to operate the bicycle. This illustrates: A. B. C. D. parallel processing. Sigmund Freud’s concept of the unconscious. the function of delta waves. somnambulism. Conscious vs. Unconscious Activity: The Dual-Track Mind Conscious “high” track: our minds take deliberate actions we know we are doing Examples: problem solving, naming an object, defining a word Unconscious “low” track: our minds perform automatic actions, often without being aware of them Examples: walking, acquiring phobias, processing sensory details into perceptions and memories Example in the book (borrowed from the Sensation and Perception topic: Automatic processing: Conscious “high” track says, “I saw a bird!” Unconsciously, we see: And now, to SLEEP-perchance, to Dream 10 Most Common Dreams (reported by 18-35 yr. olds) 1. Falling (79%) 2. Seeing loved one in danger or dead (60%) 3. Being chased or attacked (56%) 4. Having a sexual experience (54%) 5. Accomplishing something great (52%) 6. Flying or floating (45%) 7. Paralyzed/unable to move or run (42%) 8. Preparing for an event (31%) 9. Missing an event/bus/plane (28%) 10. Being naked in public (15%) -Adapted from Faraday & Garfield Sleep as a State of Consciousness When sleeping, are we fully unconscious and “dead to the world”? Or is the window to consciousness open? Consider that: we move around, but how do we stop ourselves from falling out of bed? we sometimes incorporate real-world noises into our dreams. some noises (our own baby’s cry) wake us more easily than others. How Do We Learn About Sleep and Dreams? We can monitor EEG/brain waves and muscle movements during sleep. We can expose the sleeping person to noise and words, and then examine the effects on the brain (waves) and mind (memory). We can wake people and see which mental state (e.g. dreaming) goes with which brain/body state. Sleep and Biological Rhythms 24 hour biological “clock” 90 minute sleep cycle Daily Rhythms and Sleep The circadian (“about a day”) rhythm refers to the body’s natural 24-hour cycle, roughly matched to the day/night cycle of light and dark. What changes during the 24 hours? Over the 24 hour cycle, the following factors vary, rising and falling over the course of the day and night: body temperature arousal/energy mental sharpness “Larks” and “Owls” Daily rhythms vary from person to person and with age. General peaks in alertness: evening peak—20-year old “owls” morning peak—50-year old “larks” Biological Rhythms and Sleep Circadian Rhythm Biological Rhythms and Sleep Circadian Rhythm Sleep Stages and Sleep Cycles: What is Measured? Stages and Cycles of Sleep Sleep stages refer to distinct patterns of brain waves and muscle activity that are associated with different types of consciousness and sleep. Sleep cycles refer to the patterns of shifting through all the sleep stages over the course of the night. We “cycle” through all the sleep stages in about 90 minutes on average. There are four types of sleep. Falling Asleep: From Alert to Alpha Eyes Closed Alpha waves are the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state. Brain Waves During Sleep Falling asleep Yawning creates a brief boost in alertness as your brain metabolism is slowing down. Your breathing slows down. Brain waves become slower and irregular. You may have hypnagogic (while falling asleep) hallucinations. Your brain waves change from alpha waves to NREM-1. Non-REM Sleep Stages Getting deeper into sleep… but not dreaming yet NREM-1 NREM-2 NREM-3 Biological Rhythms and Sleep Typical Nights Sleep Biological Rhythms and Sleep Typical Nights Sleep Biological Rhythms and Sleep Typical Nights Sleep The length of REM sleep increases the longer you remain asleep. With age, there are more awakenings and less deep sleep. Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep Minutes of Stage 4 and REM Decreasing Stage 4 25 20 15 Increasing REM 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 Hours of sleep 6 7 8 Sleep Stages • There are 5 identified stages of sleep. • It takes about 90-100 minutes to pass through the 5 stages. • The brain’s waves will change according to the sleep stage you are in. • The first four sages and know as NREM sleep.. • The fifth stage is called REM sleep. Stage One • This is experienced as falling to sleep and is a transition stage between wake and sleep. • It usually lasts between 1 and 5 minutes and occupies approximately 2-5 % of a normal night of sleep. • eyes begin to roll slightly. • consists mostly of theta waves (high amplitude, low frequency (slow)) • brief periods of alpha waves, similar to those present while awake Hallucinations can occur and feeling of falling. Stage Two • This follows Stage 1 sleep and is the "baseline" of sleep. • This stage is part of the 90 minute cycle and occupies approximately 45-60% of sleep. Stage Three & Four • Stages three and four are "Delta" sleep or "slow wave" sleep and may last 15-30 minutes. • It is called "slow wave" sleep because brain activity slows down dramatically from the "theta" rhythm of Stage 2 to a much slower rhythm called "delta" and the height or amplitude of the waves increases dramatically. Stage Three and Four (continued) • Contrary to popular belief, it is delta sleep that is the "deepest" stage of sleep (not REM) and the most restorative. • It is delta sleep that a sleep-deprived person's brain craves the first and foremost. • In children, delta sleep can occupy up to 40% of all sleep time and this is what makes children unawake able or "dead asleep" during most of the night. Stage Five: REM SLEEP • • • • REM: Rapid Eye Movement This is a very active stage of sleep. Composes 20-25 % of a normal nights sleep. Breathing, heart rate and brain wave activity quicken. • Vivid Dreams can occur. • From REM, you go back to Stage 2 REM Sleep Eugene Aserinsky’s discovery (1953): dreams occurred during periods of wild brain activity and rapid eye movements [REM sleep]. What happens during REM sleep? Heart rate rises and breathing becomes rapid. “Sleep paralysis” occurs when the brainstem blocks the motor cortex’s messages and the muscles don’t move. This is sometimes known as “paradoxical sleep”; the brain is active but the body is immobile. Genitals are aroused (not caused by dream content) and stay this way after REM is over. Stages of Sleep Why do we sleep? What determines the quantity and rhythm of sleep? The amount and pattern of sleep is affected by biology, age, culture, and individual variation. Light and the brain regulate sleep. Age: in general, newborns need 16 hours of sleep, while adults need 8 hours or less Individual (genetic) variation: some people function best with 6 hours of sleep, others with 9 hours or more Culture: North Americans sleep less than others, and less than they used to, perhaps because of the use of light bulbs The circadian rhythm is hard to shift (jet lag). This rhythm can be affected by light, which suppresses the relaxing hormone melatonin. Why do we sleep? What does sleep do for us? 1. Sleep protected our ancestors from predators. 2. Sleep restores and repairs the brain and body. 3. Sleep builds and strengthens memories. 4. Sleep facilitates creative problem solving. 5. Sleep is the time when growth hormones are active. 6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o6 dt7_vHKvY Effects of Sleep Loss/ Deprivation Research shows that inadequate sleep can make you more likely to: lose brainpower. gain weight. get sick. be irritable. feel old. https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=iKS0GVvoE9I Sleep Loss Effects by Body System Sleep Loss/Deprivation=Accident Risk Accident Frequency Sleep loss results in more accidents, probably caused by impaired attention and slower reaction time. Sleep Hygiene How to Sleep Well 1. Turn the lights low and turn all screens off. 2. Eat earlier, and drink less alcohol and caffeine. 3. Get up at the same time every day. 4. Exercise (late afternoon is best). 5. Don’t check the clock; just let it happen. 6. Get counseling for anxiety and depression. Sleep Disorders Are these people dreaming? Night terrors refer to sudden scared-looking • Insomnia: persistent inability behavior, with rapid to fall asleep or stay asleep heartbeat and • Narcolepsy (“numb seizure”): breathing. sleep attacks, even a collapse into REM/paralyzed sleep, at Sleepwalking and sleeptalking run in inopportune times families, so there is a • Sleep apnea (“with no possible genetic basis. breath”): repeated awakening These behaviors, after breathing stops; time in mostly affect bed is not restorative sleep children, and occur in • https://www.youtube.com/wat NONREM-3 sleep. ch?v=LbmbQkX7czo They are not considered dreaming. Dreams the stream of images, actions, and feelings, experienced while in REM sleep What We Dream About Dreams often include some negative event or emotion, especially failure dreams (being pursued, attacked, rejected, or having bad luck). Dreams do NOT often include sexuality. We may incorporate realworld sounds and other stimuli into dreams. Dreams also include images from recent, traumatic, or frequent experiences. https://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=A4TB8C9G0D Q What We Dream About: (Psychoanalytic Theory) Sigmund Freud believed there was often a hidden “latent content” (conflicts, worries, and urges) underneath the symbolic “manifest content” (the plot, actions, and images recalled) of dreams. Theories about Functions of Dreams Theory Explanation Lacks any Dreams provide a “psychic safety scientific valve”; they often express Wish fulfillment support; otherwise unacceptable feelings, (psychodreams may be and contain both manifest analytic theory) interpreted in (remembered) content and a latent many different content (hidden meaning). But why do we ways. sometimes Dreams help us sort out the day’s Informationdream about events and consolidate our processing This may be things we have memories. true,not but it Regular brain stimulation from REM experienced? does not Physiological The sleep may help develop and explain why we function individual’s preserve neural pathways. experience brain is meaningful REM sleep triggers impulses that weaving the dreams. Activationevoke random visual memories, stories, which synthesis which our sleeping brain weaves still tells us into stories. something Does not Dream content reflects the about the Cognitiveaddress the dreamers’ cognitive dreamer. developmental development—his or her neuroscience of theory dreams. knowledge and understanding. Another Possible State of Consciousness: HYPNOSIS Text definition: Hypnosis is a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur. Alternate definition: Hypnosis is a cooperative social action in which one person is in a state of being likely to respond to suggestions from another person. This state has been called heightened suggestibility as well as a trance. Controversy: does this social interaction really require an altered state of consciousness? “Your arm may soon feel so light that it rises…” Types of Hypnotic Suggestions The subject may be led into changes in: perceptions (“The headache is fading away.”) behavior (“Your arm might rise by itself.”) emotions (“You are feeling more relaxed and confident.”) attitudes (“I get nutrition from food, and get comfort from friends.”) memory (“You got lost in a mall as a child.”) https://vimeo.com/60670141 Induction Into Hypnosis Hypnotic induction, the inducing of a hypnotic state, is the process by which a hypnotist leads someone into the state of heightened suggestibility. The Highly Hypnotizable 20 Percent How do some people get so hypnotized that they can have A swinging no reaction to ammonia under watch and recitation of the their noses? words “you are • These people seem to be getting sleepy” more easily absorbed in are not imaginative activities. necessary. • They are able to focus and to lose themselves in fantasy. • The hypnotic induction method may happen to work just right. Theories Explaining Hypnosis Divided Consciousness Theory Hypnosis is a special state of dissociated (divided) consciousness of our dual-track mind. Social Influence Theory Hypnotic subjects may simply be imaginative people who go along with the “subject” role they have agreed to play. Benefits of Hypnosis for Some People: blocking awareness of pain, even enough for surgery without anesthesia reducing obesity, anxiety, and hypertension improving concentration and performance https://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=6F8lWkKBD90 What Hypnosis Cannot Do: work when people refuse to cooperate bestow ‘superhuman’ abilities or strength accurately boost recall of forgotten events (it is more likely to implant false recall) Altering Consciousness Drugs Psychoactive drugs are chemicals introduced into the body which alter perceptions, mood, and other elements of conscious experience. Dependence/Addiction Many psychoactive drugs can be harmful to the body. Psychoactive drugs are particularly dangerous when a person develops an addiction or becomes dependent on the substance. Factors related to addiction: tolerance withdrawal impact on daily life of substance use physical and psychological dependence Tolerance Tolerance of a drug refers to the diminished psychoactive effects after repeated use. Tolerance feeds addiction because users take increasing amounts of a drug to get the desired effect. Withdrawal After the benefits of a substance wear off, especially after tolerance has developed, drug users may experience withdrawal (painful symptoms of the body readjusting to the absence of the drug). Withdrawal worsens addiction because users want to resume taking the drug to end withdrawal symptoms. Dependence In physical dependence, the body has been altered in ways that create cravings for the drug (e.g. to end withdrawal symptoms). In psychological dependence, a person’s resources for coping with daily life wither as a drug becomes “needed” to relax, socialize, or sleep. Dependence on a substance (or activity?) Tolerance: the need to use more to receive the desired effect Withdrawal: the distress experienced when the “high” subsides Using more than intended Persistent, failed attempts to regulate use Much time spent preoccupied with the substance, obtaining it, and recovering Important activities reduced because of use Continued use despite aversive consequences Depressants Examples: alcohol barbiturates opiates Depressants are chemicals that reduce neural activity and other body functions. Effects of Alcohol Use Impact on functioning Slow neural processing, reduced sympathetic nervous system activity, and slower thought and physical reaction Reduced memory formation caused by disrupted REM sleep and reduced synapse formation Impaired self-control, impaired judgment, selfmonitoring, and inhibition; increased accidents and aggression Chronic Use: Brain damage Barbiturates Barbiturates are tranquilizers--drugs that depress central nervous system activity. Examples: Nembutal, Seconal, Amytal Effects: reducing anxiety and inducing sleep Problems: reducing memory, judgment, and concentration; can lead to death if combined with alcohol Opiates: Highly Addictive Depressants Opiates depress nervous system activity; this reduces anxiety, and especially reduces pain. High doses of opiates produce euphoria. Opiates work at receptor sites for the body’s natural pain reducers (endorphins). Opiates are chemicals such as morphine and heroin that are made from the opium poppy. Stimulants Stimulants are drugs which intensify neural activity and bodily functions. Some physical effects of stimulants: dilated pupils, increased breathing and heart rate, increased blood sugar, decreased appetite Examples of stimulants: Caffeine Nicotine Amphetamines, Methamphetamine Cocaine Ecstasy Caffeine adds energy disrupts sleep for 3-4 hours can lead to withdrawal symptoms if used daily: headaches irritability fatigue difficulty concentrating depression Nicotine The main effect of nicotine use is ADDICTION. Why do people smoke? Starting to smoke: invited by peers, influenced by culture and media Continuing: positively reinforced by physically stimulating effects Not stopping: after regular use, smokers have difficulty stopping because of withdrawal symptoms such as insomnia, anxiety, distractibility, and irritability Cocaine Cocaine blocks reuptake (and thus increases levels at the synapse of: dopamine (feels rewarding). serotonin (lifts mood). norepinephrine (provides energy). Effect on consciousness: Euphoria!!! At least for 45 minutes… What happens next? Euphoria crashes into a state worse than before taking the drug, with agitation, depression, and pain. Users develop tolerance; over time, withdrawal symptoms of cocaine use get worse, and users take more just to feel normal. Cycles of overdose and withdrawal can sometimes bring convulsions, violence, heart attack, and death. Methamphetamine Methamphetamine triggers the sustained release of dopamine, sometimes leading to eight hours of euphoria and energy. What happens next: irritability, insomnia, seizures, hypertension, violence, depression “Meth” addiction can become all-consuming. From 1998 to 2002: Extreme Makeover, Meth Edition Ecstasy/MDMA (MethyleneDioxyMethAmphetamine) Ecstasy is a synthetic stimulant that increases dopamine and greatly increases serotonin. Effects on consciousness: euphoria, CNS stimulation, hallucinations, and artificial feeling of social connectedness and intimacy What Happens Next? In the short run, regretted behavior, dehydration, overheating, and high blood pressure. Make it past that, and you might have: damaged serotonin-producing neurons, causing permanently depressed mood disrupted sleep and circadian rhythm impaired memory and slowed thinking suppressed immune system Hallucinogens LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) LSD and similar drugs interfere with serotonin transmission. This causes hallucinations--images and other “sensations” that didn’t come in through the senses. Marijuana/THC (delta-9TetraHydroCannabinol) Marijuana binds with brain cannabinoid receptors. Effect on consciousness: amplifies sensations disinhibits impulses euphoric mood lack of ability to sense satiety Marijuana/THC: What Happens Next? Impaired motor coordination, perceptual ability, and reaction time THC accumulates in the body, increasing the effects of next use Over time, the brain shrinks in areas processing memory and emotion Smoke inhalation damage Summary: Desired Effects of Drugs Summary: Aversive Effects of Drugs Prevalence of Drug Use in the United States Nicotine Use as of 2011: 26 percent of high school dropouts smoke; 6 percent of people with graduate degrees smoke http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/mouse What influences can lead to drug use? What can turn drug use into dependence? Biological factors: dependence in relatives, thrill-seeking in childhood, genes related to alcohol sensitivity and dependence, and easily disrupted dopamine reward system Psychological factors: seeking gratification, depression, problems forming identity, problems assessing risks and costs Social influences: media glorification, observing peers Are substances inherently addictive and should they be avoided at all cost? Only 10 to 16 percent of people who try most drugs, even morphine and cocaine, become addicted. Controversies Related to Addiction Is the “addiction” concept applicable to repeated behaviors that do not involve ingesting chemicals? Does recovery require therapy, or require a 12step group? In general, recovery rates do not seem to differ much from people quitting on their own. Labeling it this way can be seen as making excuses for misbehavior such as gambling or sexual affairs. However, many of the dependence criteria are often met, and there may be a dopamine-based chemical process underlying some ‘addictive’ behavior patterns.