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3/12 TCOS IO symposium Innate immunity is conferred by a diverse array of cellular and sub-cellular components, with which an individual is born. They are always present and available at very short notice, to protect the individual from challenges by foreign invaders. Elements of the innate immune system include body surfaces and internal components, such as skin, mucous membranes and the cough reflex; all of which present effective barriers to environmental agents. Chemical influences, such as pH and secreted fatty acids, also constitute effective barriers against invasion by many microorganisms. Another non-cellular element of the innate immune system is the complement system. Other features of innate immunity include fever; interferons; other substances released by leucocytes; pattern recognition molecules (innate receptors), which can bind to various microorganisms; and various serum proteins. All of these elements either affect pathogenic invaders directly, or enhance the effectiveness of host reactions to them. Phagocytic cells such as granulocytes, macrophages, and microglial cells of the central nervous system, which participate in the destruction and elimination of foreign material that has penetrated the body’s physical and chemical barriers, are also considered to be part of the innate immune system. The various elements that participate in innate immunity exhibit broad specificity against foreign agents by recognising molecules not found in the host. By contrast, acquired or adaptive immunity always exhibits antigenic specificity. As its name implies, acquired immunity is a consequence of an encounter with a foreign substance. The substance that induces the acquired immune response is termed an antigen, a term initially coined because these compounds were known to cause antibody responses to be generated. Of course, it is now known that antigens can generate both antibody-mediated and T-cell-mediated responses. Although an individual is born with the capacity to mount immune responses to a foreign substance, the number of B- and T-cells available for initiating such responses must be expanded before they can be said to be immune to that substance. This is achieved following contact with an antigen by activation of lymphocytes bearing antigen-specific receptors. Antigenic stimulation of B-cells, T-cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) initiates a chain of events that leads to proliferation of activated cells, along with a genetic programme of differentiation events that generate the B-cells or T-cells responsible for the humoral or cell-mediated responses respectively, over a period of days or weeks. Cancer treatment now is improved by immunotherapy. Drugs, from CTLA-4 to PD-1 inhibitor, from Melanoma to Lung cancer, 2015 even RCC was approved indication for PD-1 agent, are providing us new hopes of cancer treatment. In this meeting we will continue to discuss and share more research and experience in immunotherapy.