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Sustainable Land Management and Its Relation to Climate Change – Michael Stocking Sustainable Land Management and Its Relation to Climate Change Michael Stocking Vice-Chair, GEF-STAP Professor, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK Two Sides of the Same Coin Land degradation Sustainable Land Management CSD16, Learning Centre course, New York – May 2008 1 Sustainable Land Management and Its Relation to Climate Change – Michael Stocking A systems view of SLM Poverty alleviation Food security Livelihoods Global 2 1 Biodiversity Climate Change World’s Soil Resources Sustainable Land Management Land Degradation Control Techniques & approaches Knowledge & research 3 Laws & institutions 6 Strategies & policies 4 Local 5 Intervention points Global environmental change components Priority topics in SLM 1 Three ways to achieve systems approach in SLM • Find synergies with other focal areas • Biodiversity • Climate change (Intervention 1) • International waters • Relate SLM to global development agendas (2): • Poverty alleviation • Food security • Livelihoods Poverty alleviation • Identify practical interventions in: • • • • Techniques and approaches (3) Knowledge and research (4) Strategies and policies (5) Laws and institutions (6) Biodiversity Livelihoods Global 2 Climate Change World’s Soil Resources Sustainable Land Management Techniques & approaches 3 4 Land Degradation Control Knowledge & research Laws & institutions Strategies & policies 6 Local 5 1 CSD16, Learning Centre course, New York – May 2008 Food security 1 Intervention points Global environmental change components Priority topics in SLM 2 Sustainable Land Management and Its Relation to Climate Change – Michael Stocking Key Principle – Synergy “The interaction of two or more agents or forces so that their combined effect is greater than the sum of their individual effects.” Global Synergy Database: http://csrp.com.au/database/index.html - most examples are about achieving additional benefits beyond the immediate purpose To exploit the synergies ……. A systems approach is needed to: - Harness benefits for development and environment - Capture ‘feedback’ loops - Avoid simplistic responses - Mimic the real world CSD16, Learning Centre course, New York – May 2008 3 Sustainable Land Management and Its Relation to Climate Change – Michael Stocking Ecosystem services •Provisioning •Regulating •Cultural •Goods produced or provided by ecosystems •Benefits obtained from regulation of ecosystem processes •Non-material benefits from ecosystems The MA Model – Feedback Loops in Global Change Source: MA, 2004; Gisladottir & Stocking, 2005 CSD16, Learning Centre course, New York – May 2008 4 Sustainable Land Management and Its Relation to Climate Change – Michael Stocking A simple impact matrix LD CC BD √√√ √√ √√ CC √ √√ √ BD √√√ √ √√ …on…. LD Major and bestrecognised linkages Important positive (reinforcing) feedback loops Example of land-based synergies Mid-hills of W. Nepal: • Water conservation • Carbon fixed • Nutrients retained & used • Pressure off woodland Plots near Landruk, W. Nepal CSD16, Learning Centre course, New York – May 2008 5 Sustainable Land Management and Its Relation to Climate Change – Michael Stocking Yams within an agroforestry system at Adwenso, southern Ghana Sustainable Land Management Definition: The use of renewable land resources (soils, water, plants, and animals) for production and services while protecting the long-term productive potential of these resources. Mandate: To coexist with nature so that the productive, physiological, cultural and ecological functions of natural resources are maintained for the benefit of society. Challenge: To harmonise the complementary but often conflicting goals of production and environmental protection. CSD16, Learning Centre course, New York – May 2008 6 Sustainable Land Management and Its Relation to Climate Change – Michael Stocking LD is…….. a worldwide problem And society deals with it….. CSD16, Learning Centre course, New York – May 2008 7 Sustainable Land Management and Its Relation to Climate Change – Michael Stocking How much does land degradation cost? Monetary value of lost production about $65 billion annually, consisting of: ¾$35 billion from rangeland, primarily in arid and semi-arid zones ¾$12 billion from rainfed cropland, much of this under subsistence farming ¾$17 billion from irrigated lands, through salinisation and groundwater pollution How much Carbon goes with soil erosion? Soil organic C pool is 40 – 100 t//ha = c. 5% total soil is org C in top 10 cm ¾Organic C is selectively eroded [ER≥2] ¾On well-managed soils, loss=0.4 tC/ha/yr ¾On typical rainfed cropland, 2.5 tC/ha/yr ¾On steep slopes, no conservation, 10tC/ha/yr CSD16, Learning Centre course, New York – May 2008 8 Sustainable Land Management and Its Relation to Climate Change – Michael Stocking What and who is affected? Land out of production because of land degradation – estimated at 5 to 7 million hectares a year Proportion of earth’s land surface affected seriously - 33% Population affected by serious degradation in drylands alone – estimated at 2.6 billion people in more than 100 countries Linking SLM and CC 1. Agriculture’s ambivalent role 2. Opportunities in land use (LULUCF) ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ Soil management – soil biodiversity Changing land use Encouraging ‘agrodiversity’ Reducing emissions (REDD) 3. Carbon sequestration CSD16, Learning Centre course, New York – May 2008 9 Sustainable Land Management and Its Relation to Climate Change – Michael Stocking 1. Agriculture’s ambivalent role • Agriculture contributes directly to CC via emissions of methane and nitrous oxides • It contributes indirectly via demand for fertilizer, other chemicals and fuel • Climate change, in turn, will change agricultural production dramatically • Agriculture is currently a net contributor to climate change Agriculture’s contribution GHG % total From agriculture emissions & land-use change CO2 72 Mineralization OM, fuel, fire, devegetation (5% agric; 12% LUC) CH4 20 Livestock grazing (10% agric; 1% LUC) N2O 7 Arable soils, livestock waste (5% agric; 1% LUC) About 31% of all GHGs arise from the ‘food chain’ [Source: European Commission Technical Report EUR 22284, May 2006 ] CSD16, Learning Centre course, New York – May 2008 10 Sustainable Land Management and Its Relation to Climate Change – Michael Stocking 2. Opportunities in land use (LULUCF) “Activities in the LULUCF sector can provide a relatively cost-effective way of offsetting emissions, either by increasing the removals of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere (e.g. by planting trees or managing forests), or by reducing emissions (e.g. by curbing deforestation)” “But greenhouse gases may be unintentionally released into the atmosphere if a sink is damaged or destroyed through a forest fire or disease.” [Source: UNFCCC http://unfccc.int/methods_and_science/lulucf/items/3060.php ] Practical examples of SLM with benefits for CC 9Encouraging soil biodiversity 9Focus on ‘agrodiversity’ CSD16, Learning Centre course, New York – May 2008 11 Sustainable Land Management and Its Relation to Climate Change – Michael Stocking Soil Biodiversity: Provider of essential ecosystem goods and services • Nutrient cycling • Regulation of dynamics of soil organic matter • Soil C sequestration and reduced GHG emissions • Modification of soil physical structure and maintain water regimes • Assistance to plant nutrient acquisition • Enhancement of plant health... Soil Biodiversity is vast….and largely uncharted Soils may contain: • several vertebrates and earthworms • 20-30 species of mites • 50-100 species of insects • tens of species of nematodes • hundreds of species of fungi • thousands of species of bacteria CSD16, Learning Centre course, New York – May 2008 12 Sustainable Land Management and Its Relation to Climate Change – Michael Stocking From MicroMicroorganisms e.g. bacteria + fungi Complexity of soil life MicroMicro-fauna: e.g. protozoa + nematodes MesoMesofauna e.g. acari + springtails MacroMacro-fauna e.g. insects + earthworms ...and the roots that grow in the soil and interact with other species above and below ground Soil biodiversity particularly important to poor farmers The goods and services provided by diverse soil organisms and their interactions are of particular significance. • Maintaining soil productivity free • Reducing need for mineral fertilizers • Increasing efficiency of use of inputs • Making soil easier to manage CSD16, Learning Centre course, New York – May 2008 13 Sustainable Land Management and Its Relation to Climate Change – Michael Stocking People, Land Management and Environmental Change (PLEC) Agrodiversity - a good news story CSD16, Learning Centre course, New York – May 2008 14 Sustainable Land Management and Its Relation to Climate Change – Michael Stocking PLEC verified complex stories in complex landscapes Upper-slope sediment, nutrient and water sources Rice paddies harvesting sediment Highly productive Kandy home gardens Agrodiversity link to livelihoods • Different farmers have different opportunities • sloping land affords different challenges • poorer farmers have steepest land, but often the greatest agrodiversity CSD16, Learning Centre course, New York – May 2008 15 Sustainable Land Management and Its Relation to Climate Change – Michael Stocking Working with farmers PLEC-Papua New Guinea Field Indicators for SLM & agrodiversity PLEC-Uganda CSD16, Learning Centre course, New York – May 2008 16 Sustainable Land Management and Its Relation to Climate Change – Michael Stocking Soil indicators - Sri Lanka Hill Lands Crop growth changes according to erosion Soil surface indicators: micro-pedestals, rills, armour layer Variable soil depth on terrace Build-up of soil behind Gliricidia hedge Compare soil colour between eroded and non-eroded parts Locally adapted techniques of soil management These are the sort of benefits that farmers have told us they appreciate CSD16, Learning Centre course, New York – May 2008 17 Sustainable Land Management and Its Relation to Climate Change – Michael Stocking Potential Role of Forests Potential rate of carbon sequestration in period 2008-2012 that might be induced by an afforestation project carried out in 2000; simulated with a model of forest carbon cycle for average climate. [Source: Center for Global Environment Research, Japan] 3. Carbon Sequestration Atmospheric levels of CO2 have risen from preindustrial levels of 280 parts per million (ppm) to present levels of 375 ppm. Carbon sequestration refers to the provision of long-term storage of carbon in the terrestrial biosphere, underground, or the oceans so that the build-up of carbon dioxide (the principal greenhouse gas) concentration in the atmosphere will reduce or slow. CSD16, Learning Centre course, New York – May 2008 18 Sustainable Land Management and Its Relation to Climate Change – Michael Stocking Terrestrial Carbon sequestration Definition: The net removal of CO2 from atmosphere into terrestrial pools of C Process: Photosynthesis Soil organic C Storage: .............................. trees roots Inorganic C deep in soils Soil carbon - the major part of the global C pool Pool Amount of carbon (Gigatons – 109 t) Atmosphere 750 Soil (organic) 1400 Soil (inorganic) 930 Living vegetation 760 9 9 9 9 Soil C > 3 times Atmos. C Soil C > 3 times C in all vegetation 60% of all global C is in the soil But organic soil C is transient and volatile NB – the oceans have 38,000 Gigatons – 10 times all terrestrial & atmos. C CSD16, Learning Centre course, New York – May 2008 19 Sustainable Land Management and Its Relation to Climate Change – Michael Stocking Agricultural C-sequestration 9 Develop diversified annual cropping systems to replace monoculture 9 Add organic matter amendments 9 Practices that minimize soil disturbance 9 Retain residues Tillage No-Till CSD16, Learning Centre course, New York – May 2008 20 Sustainable Land Management and Its Relation to Climate Change – Michael Stocking Terracing and agro-forestry Practices that maintain and restore soil organic matter CSD16, Learning Centre course, New York – May 2008 21 Sustainable Land Management and Its Relation to Climate Change – Michael Stocking Issue 1 - Technical Potential Changing land management practices can restore soil C Soil C Annual average rate of C accumulation = (CC – CV)/(T2 – T1) C0 CC What happens after T2? CV T0 T1 Begin conventional land use practice Adopt conservation management T2 Time Maximum sequestration potential reached Issue 2 - Saturation Gitz et al 2004 9 Sequestration accumulates C until absorptive capacity is used up 9 10-15 years for tillage [Source: West & Post] 9 30-70 years for forest carbon. [Source: Birdsey] 9 Majority of gains occur in first years CSD16, Learning Centre course, New York – May 2008 22 Sustainable Land Management and Its Relation to Climate Change – Michael Stocking Issue 3 - Volatility Gitz et al 2004 9 When practice is discontinued, most C released quickly 9 Essential to encourage and maintain sustainable land management Conclusion • Linking SLM and CC technically possible • Many opportunities exist, but – Exploit the synergies – Beware the complex processes – Calculate the cost – Utilise local knowledge • Suitable policies and strategies needed to create an enabling environment …. CSD16, Learning Centre course, New York – May 2008 23