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Chapter 10 Divided between Western and Eastern Europe West dark ages/East flourished (Byzantine Empire) Constantine Justinian The Schism of 1054 Charlemagne Feudalism Crusades Black Death 500-1500 Middle Ages or Medieval Period First 500 years= Early Middle Ages ro Dark Ages Why Dark? Lower levels of learning More political instability Less trading and more subsistence farming Vast empire as ungovernable Split the Roman Empire in half Created two equal emperors to rule under the title of Augustus. Created the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlnJRyZT fEo&feature=related Constantine becomes sole ruler of entire Roman Empire Rome in the west was in decay Constantine created a new center in the east Constantine founded the Constantinople, the cite of the old Greek city Byzantium Mediterranean and Black seas connected through the Bosporus Strait As the West collapsed the East prospered The Byzantine Empire was the heir to the Roman Empire Kingdoms developed were small/weak With the end of the Western Roman Empire, no single government had complete control in Europe. The Roman Empire was replaced with a patchwork of small kingdoms Exception—Franks Germanic people who settled in modern France Christian Charles Martel organized an army to fight he Moors (Muslim people invading Spain) Battle of Tours—defeated Moors Stopped further Muslim penetration Charles the Great was king of the Franks. (Gaul or current-day France.) Martel’s grandson Known as Charlemagne, he brought back unity and order to many of the lands that had been part of the former Western Roman Empire. 14 14 Charlemagne: Great warrior Respected learning and encouraged education Known as a man of wisdom Goal was to unite Germanic tribes into a single Christian kingdom (Christendom) 15 15 16 • Charlemagne – Defended the city of Rome and the pope against the Lombards – Christmas Day 800 A.D., Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Augustus emperor of the Romans – Founded the Holy Roman Empire formed from lands previously part of the Western Roman Empire – By establishing a central government over Western Europe, Charlemagne restored much of the unity of the old Roman Empire \ 17 17 The Holy Roman Empire was made up of modern day: Germany Austria Switzerland eastern France Belgium Netherlands western Poland the Czech Republic Italy 18 18 Holy Roman Empire 19 19 Charlemagne (Charles the Great) Improved education (reading and writing) Issued money Increased trade Spread the Christian religion - Confess God or meet God When Charlemagne defeated the Saxons, he expected them to convert to Christianity. He beheaded 4,000 in one day. 20 • Charlemagne gave huge land grants to loyal nobles. This was similar to the practice of creating Roman provinces. • The nobles agreed to provide military and political services to him as emperor, as well as upkeep of roads, bridges and forts on their land. • This system of land grants was the basis of feudalism; the political and military system of Europe that lasted for about centuries. 21 21 After Charlemagne’s death, his empire or the Holy Roman Empire, was divided among his three sons. They fought one another, weakening the empire. Other groups attacked and weakened the empire. The fiercest attacks came from the Vikings. 22 23 Charlemagne’s only son Louis inherited the empire. Louis had three sons who, according to tribal inheritance law, would each get an equal share. Louis tried to prevent the disintegration of the empire by selecting the oldest son, Lothair, to be the sole inheritor. A family war ensued, ending in the Treaty of Verdun, which divided the empire into three sections: the west for Charles the Bald, the center for Lothair, and the east for Louis the German. This was the beginning of modern Europe with essentially the formation of France and Germany. 24 When the family of Charles ceased to produce worthy heirs, the pope gladly crowned whichever Italian magnate could best protect him Finally, in 962 a new Roman Emperor was crowned in Rome by a grateful pope. This emperor, Otto the Great, brought the title into the hands of the kings of Germany for almost a millennium, for it was to become the Holy Roman Empire, a true imperial successor to Charles… 25 The Roman Empire was Roman, then moved to Constantinople. The Holy Roman Empire was mostly Germanic, and ruled Central Europe between Charlemagne and Napoléon. 26