Download monograph lectures 2016 - FVMAS

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science
MODULE I – MAMMALIAN GENETICS AND GENOMICS
No
Topic
1.
Genomics of fat tissue accumulation in
mammals
2.
Genome organization of livestock species
3.
Hereditary diseases of domestic animals distribution, consequences and diagnostics
4.
Mammalian epigenetics
5.
Mapping of mammalian quantitative traits
Topic content
Accumulation of adipose (fat) tissue is an important issue for human health issue (obesity), as well as,
for meat production. It is known that heritability of fat accumulation is oscillating around 0.5, thus
knowledge of the contributing genetic factor is very important. In this lecture an update knowledge on
DNA polymorphism associated with polygenically controlled accumulation of fat tissue (human, pig,
cattle, dog), as well as, monogenic cases of obesity (human and mouse) will be presented.
During last twenty years an extensive progress of knowledge on genome organization has been
achieved. For major livestock species (cattle, pig, horse, chicken) a high resolution marker genome
maps and genome sequences were described. This knowledge facilitated development of new
molecular tools (e.g. SNP microarray), which are widely used in searching for causative mutation for
hereditary diseases, as well as, for estimation of breeding value (so-called genome selection).
Wide application of artificial insemination (AI) may promote distribution of undesirable gene
mutations responsible for hereditary diseases. A large proportion of these diseases have their
counterparts in humans. Identification of the causative mutations bring an opportunity for selection
against them by genotyping sires used in AI. In domestic animals numerous mutations (e.g. BLAD
and CVM in cattle, MH in pigs, SCID and HYPP in horses, PIS in goats and dozens of them in dogs
etc) were described and appropriate diagnostic tests were applied.
Epigenomics is a new and rapidly developing field of genomics. It is focused on hereditary
modifications of chromatin (DNA methylation, histone modification and nuclear architecture) and
RNA interference in relation to gene expression. Altered epigenome may contribute to developmental
of genetic diseases as well as phenotypic variability of quantitative traits.
Lecture on applied methods leading to identification of genes contributing to quantitative traits
important for livestock production. The current views on the genetic architecture of quantitative traits
will be presented.
Lecturer (contact)
hours
prof. dr hab. Marek Świtoński
[email protected]
2
prof. dr hab. Marek Świtoński
[email protected]
2
prof. dr hab. Marek Świtoński
[email protected]
2
dr hab. Izabela Szczerbal
[email protected]
2
prof. dr hab. Maciej Szydłowski
[email protected]
2
MODULE II – LIVESTOCK SCIENCE
No
1.
Topic
Diagnostics of chromosome abnormalities
and its importance in animal breeding
Topic content
Lecturer (contact)
Hours
Chromosome abnormalities are important causes of infertility or decreased fertility. Some of them,
causing decreased fertility, are inherited (e.g. translocations) and thus can be spread in a population,
especially if artificial insemination is used. Among abnormalities of chromosome number (aneuploidies)
prof. dr hab. Marek Świtoński
[email protected]
2
2.
How genomic revolution changes the life of
cows?
3.
Learning and memory in honey bees
4.
Phytase and phytate in animal nutritioncurrent status and perspectives
5.
Broiler chicken nutrition and flock
management
6.
7.
Rumen microbes as mutual supporters in
improving the quality of milk - can milk help
to lose weight?
Microbial ecosystem and methanogenesis in
ruminants - possibilities of environmental
pollution reduction
the most important are those concerning sex chromosomes. In some species they are frequently observed
(e.g. X chromosome monosomy in mares). Diagnosis of such abnormalities is carried out with the use of
chromosome banding techniques and fluorescent in situ hybridization.
On organization of dairy cattle breeding, principles of genomic selection and genomic revolution in
breeding programs
Elemental and higher-order (contextual learning, categorization etc.) learning in honey bees, behavioral
flexibility in the response to learning, classical Pavlovian conditioning protocol for the olfactory
conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex.
Lameness/leg disorders in broiler chickens and osteoporosis/egg breakage in laying hens are important
problems in modern poultry production systems. It is well documented that phosphorus (P) is an
essential nutrient for poultry. However its global resources are much limited and many independent
reports show that monocalcium phosphate will be finished within 40-50 years. Moreover P excretion
from farms is an important factor in environment pollution. Therefore, exogenous phytase, increasing
bioavailability of dietary P is probably one of the most commonly used additives in feed industry
worldwide. Thus the aim of the lecture is to provide an overview of the phytic acid and phytase role in
broiler poultry nutrition.
Broiler chicken production is a very intensive run in 42 days distance. Every problem occurring during
this short period, effects birds’ performance thus potential profit of the farmer. Many types of bacterial
enteritis has for decades been controlled by preventive or therapeutic use of antibiotics, however it has
as well been generally accepted that these practices are highly critically which led to the restriction in
use of antibiotic growth promoters. Thus the aim of the lecture is to provide an overview of nutritional
as well as management strategies to improve birds’ performance in terms of the welfare, gut disorders
and performance.
Rumen microbial metabolism. Lipolysis and biohydrogenation. Formation of biologically active
compounds e.g. isomers of conjugated linoleic acid - active against so called ‘westerm diseases’,
including obesity. Possibility of improving milk antiobesity properties.
Rumen microbiota: methanogens, protozoa, bacteria. Reactions of rumen methane production.
Modulation of rumen microbial populations to mitigate methane production and emission – decrease of
environmental pollution.
dr hab. Tomasz Strabel, prof. nadzw.
[email protected]
2
dr Aleksandra Łangowska
[email protected]
2
dr hab. Damian Józefiak, prof. nadzw.
[email protected]
2
dr hab. Damian Józefiak, prof. nadzw.
[email protected]
2
prof. dr hab. Malgorzata SzumacherStrabel
[email protected]
2
prof. dr hab. Adam Cieślak
[email protected]
2
MODULE III – DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY
No
1.
Topic
Topic content
Lecturer (contact)
Hours
Genetics of disorders of sexual development
(DSD) in mammals
Disorders of sexual development (DSD) are widely distributed in humans and domestic mammals.
These abnormalities, leading to infertility, are mainly caused by chromosome or gene mutations. Some
of DSD, caused by recessive gene mutations, can be widely distributed – e.g. sex reversal syndrome in
dogs, goats and horses ( XX testicular or ovotesiticular prof. dr hab. Marek Świtoński
[email protected] DSD). On the other hand, the main type of DSD in cattle develops due to
placental anastomoses between heterosexual twins (so-called freemartins).
prof. dr hab. Marek Świtoński
[email protected]
2
2.
Developmental potential (quality) of in vitro
produced bovine embryos - how far can we
go?
3.
Embryo transfer (ET) – procedure and
implications to cattle breeding
4.
Kisspeptin: consensus knowledge and recent
development
5.
To be or not to be?
6.
Embryo derived stem cells - potential for farm
animal research
The main question to be answered by this lecture is “Is the IVF procedure an alternative source of
embryos to cattle breeding?” Several factors influencing developmental potential (quality) of bovine
oocytes and embryos produced in vitro will be presented (eg oocyte and follicle diameter, culture
conditions, donor puberty, chromosomal make up, transcript content) and discussed in relation to in
vivo derived embryos (“gold standard”). The importance of reduced quality of IVF oocytes/embryos
to assisted reproduction technologies and cattle breeding will be discussed.
Embryo transfer (ET) is considered a key biotechnology for increasing the reproductive efficiency of
the female. Although the procedure is of special importance to cattle breeders , a growing interest has
been noticed also in the horse. The conventional ET procedure (embryo flushing from superovulated
donors followed by embryo transfer to synchronized recipients) has been currently extended to
embryos produced in vitro from oocytes collected from a living animal by the ovum-pick up method
(OPU). The donors of non-mature oocytes collected by OPU are usually heifers of known genetic
potential (genomic selection program). The lecture will present the procedure and current state of art
in this field.
The discovery of kisspeptin reproduction revolutionized field of reproduction. The crucial role of this
peptide in governing the reproduction and alterations in this system leading to various abnormalities of
the reproductive functions will be discussed.
Lecture on birth of neuronal cells, neurogenesis and cell death. Lecture on birth of neuronal cells,
neurogenesis and cell death. This lecture will be deliver keeping in mind a slim line between cells
survival and cells death in organisms. External and internal factors, which influence survival and death
of cells will be discussed. The recent advances in the field of adult neurogenesis will be presented.
Stem cell research offers new grounds for farm animal research, both for basic studies and for
commercial farm animal production. In order to be able to establish and maintain in culture stable
stem cell lines, we need to unravel the mechanisms that govern embryonic pluripotency. Despite the
effort of many groups, still little is known about cell fate decisions during early farm animal
development. The advances in science and the prospects of stem cell research in medicine and animal
biotechnology have shifted the focus of interest of developmental biology from being purely cognitive
to applicable. Especially bovine embryos emerge as a great objects to study, since their
preimplantation development shares many similarities with human. The understanding of processes
that govern cell fate decisions during bovine pre-implantation development is fundamental if we want
to obtain true bovine embryonic stem cells (bESC). Such lines are pluripotent and are defined by
unlimited self-renewal capacity in vitro, ability to populate all three germinal layers of the embryo and
to contribute to the formation of germ cells. Until now only bESC-like cell lines have been reported.
Thus bovine embryos are going to be presented as the main model of farm animal ESC research.
prof. dr hab. Dorota Cieślak
[email protected]
2
prof. dr hab. Dorota Cieślak
[email protected]
2
dr hab. Joanna Śliwowska
[email protected]
2
dr hab. Joanna Śliwowska
[email protected]
2
dr Zofia Madeja
[email protected]
2