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By: Mr. Mark Gonzalez & Ms. Susan Pojer Bradenton Christian School Bradenton, Florida Period 2 (600 BC-600 AD) Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies (also called the Classical Age) How does this Period Differ from Period 1? • States developed and larger empires • More complex cultures-new religions and philosophies emerged • More numerous and better written records • More complex long-distance tradeSilk Road and Indian Ocean Trade Period 2 (600 BC-600 AD) Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies (also called the Classical Age) How does this Period Differ from Period 1? • More contact between nomads and sedentary people • More direct influence on modern civilizations-Roman and Greek law codes, Islamic law, Buddhism and Christianity New Empires • The Mediterranean-Greeks followed by the Romans • SW Asia-the Persians • The Indian Sub-Continent (South Asia)- Maurya and Gupta • East Asia- Qin and Han Dynasty • Americas-Maya The Geography of Greece •Too mountainous for major agricultural devel. •result: Seafaring people •Most commercial activity occurred by boat •Limited geographic area contributed to its dominance •Since land was tight the Greeks were always looking to est. colonies to ease overcrowding and get raw materials Bronze Age Greece Crete: Minoan Civilization (Palace at Knossos) Knossos: Minoan Civilization Minoan Civilization •Influenced by Egyptian culture •Diffusion- Allowed later Classical Greece to dev. monumental architecture The Mycenaean Civilization-located in Southern Greece influenced by Crete’s Minoan civ. Homer: The “Heroic Age”-his epics about the Trojan Wars The Greek City-States (The Poleis) •Based on the creation of complex city-states like Athens and Sparta City-states not unified at first (due to geography) •Olympic games •Shared a common culture ATHENS and SPARTA •Polis—greek word for “city state” (poleis-plural) •Polis of Spartaagricultural/militaristic capital •Polis of Athenspolitical/commercial/cultural capital •Practiced direct democracy in ATHENS and SPARTA Gender Relations •Sparta-men and women equal…espec. in physical strength…pretty much ran the city (men were at war a lot) •Athens-gender inequality…women no political or property rights…confined to Greek Religion •Polytheistic •Most educated Greeks not serious about worship of gods •Secularism ruled-answers for life in govt or philosophy-similar to Chinese Confucianism Zeus Hera Apollo Persian Wars: 499 BC – 449 BC The Persian Empire Darius the Great (526 – 485 B. C. E.) Built Persepolis. He extended the Persian Empire to the Indus River in northern India. (2 mil. s.q. mi.) Built a canal in Egypt. Darius the Great- Persia (526 – 485 B. C. E.) Established a tax-collecting system. Divided the empire into districts called SATRAPIES. Built the great Royal Road system. Established a complex postal system. Created a network of spies called “the King’s eyes and ears.” Ancient Persepolis Persepolis The People of Persepolis Persian “Royal Road” Zoroastrianism religion- a Dualistic Battle of Good vs. Evil….2 gods Ahura Mazda “Holy Spirit” Represents good and truth Triumph over chaos! Angra Mainyu “Destructive Spirit” Zarathustra [Zoroaster], 6c BCE: Good Thoughts, Good Deed, Good Words “Tree of Life” Zoroastrianism-faded when the Persian Empire fell Extent of Zoroastrianism Persian Wars: 499 BC – 449 BC •United the Greek city-states against an invading common enemy • much of Athens destroyed, but Greece held on to control of Aegean Sea basin •War ended in a stalemate •Allowed Greece to develop in age of prosperity Persian Wars: Xerxes watches his forces crushed by Greeks Persian Wars: Famous Battles $ Marathon (490 BCE)-Greek victory 26 miles from Athens $ Thermopylae (480 BCE)-Persian victory 300 Spartans v 1000s of Persians at the Mountain pass $ Salamis (480 BCE)-Greek victory Athenian navy victorious Some historians-this conflict the trigger for future east v west clashes (espec. Islam v western society) Golden “Age of Pericles”: 460 BC – 429 BC-ushered in by victory over Persia Pericles Pericles as leader of Athens organized an alliance of Greek citystates called the Delian Leaguediscourage future Persian invasion Pericles $ Socrates Great Athenian Philosophers Know thyself! question everything only the pursuit of goodness brings happiness. Advocate of “philosopher-kings” $ Plato The Academy The world of the FORMS The Republic philosopher-king Great Athenian Philosophers $ Aristotle The Lyceum “Golden Mean” [everything in moderation]. Logic-rational thought Scientific methodcareful observation Athens: The Arts & Sciences $ DRAMA (tragedians): Aeschylus-greek comedy Euripides-greek tragedy $ THE SCIENCES: Pythagoras>>> mathematics (geometry) Democritus all matter made up of small atoms. Hippocrates “Father of Medicine” Pericles Construction Projects The Rebuliding of Athens after Persian Destruction 1. Acropolis (Hill) The Acropolis Today The Parthenon The Classical Greek “Ideal” Olympia The Ancient Olympics: Athletes & Trainers Olympia: Temple to Hera The 2012 Olympics in London SPARTA v. ATHENS Peloponnesian Wars (431-404 BC) •Caused by a trade dispute between Athens and Sparta •Athens surrounded and cut off •Plague ravaged the cityPericles killed •Athens declined-its navy destroyed at Sicily •Sparta spared Athens, but itself declined paving the way for the rise of the Macedonians Macedonia Under Philip II •Philip II of Macedon ruled 359-336 BC • invaded Athens and conquered all of Greece •Respected Greek culture and encouraged it to continue to flourish •Father of Alexander the Great Alexander the Great Alexander the Great’s Empire Alexander the Great’s Conquest of Persia •Educated by Aristotle •Conquered the mighty Persian Empire •Hoped to merge Greek and Persian civilizations •Married a Persian princess •Killed his best friend Cleitus over a drunken argument over Persia •Stretched west all the way to the Indus Valley •Died at age of 33 •Led to Hellenism-adoption of Greek culture and art over the conquered area The Hellenization of Asia Pergamum: Hellenistic syncretism w/ Persia The Economy of the Hellenistic World Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences $ Scientists / Mathematicians: Aristarchus heliocentric theory. Euclid geometry Archimedes pulley $ Hellenistic Art: More realistic; less ideal than Hellenic art. Showed individual emotions,wrinkles, and age! The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire The Kingdom of Ptolemy •the richest of the 3 Hellenistic Empires • Alexandria-the capital •Greek rulers let Egyptian culture/society continue •Cultural CenterAlexandria Museum and Library-most scrolls in the world •Last of the Ptolemaic pharoahs was Cleopatra