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Transcript
Biology 1107 - NIXON Chapter 01 A View of Life Chapter 1 -A View of Life -Process of Science Diversity of Life • Gastricbrooding frog Defining Life 1 Biology 1107 - NIXON Chapter 01 A View of Life Defining Life (1) • Living things vs. nonliving objects: – Comprised of the same chemical elements – Obey the same physical and chemical laws • So, how do we define life? – Several basic characteristics shared by all What makes you different than a rock? Characteristics of Life • Organization (Cells) • Acquire Materials & Energy (metabolism) • Responses to Stimuli (Info) • Reproduction • Adaptations & Evolution Levels of Biological Organization Uni/Multicellular 2 Biology 1107 - NIXON Chapter 01 A View of Life • Emergent Properties – Biological Organization Emergent Properties: properties that are unique to a level of organization and are due to interactions from previous levels. – The whole is more than the sum of its parts! Living Things: Acquire Materials & Energy • Energy - the capacity to do work – What’s the ultimate source of energy???? – Metabolism - all the chemical reactions in a cell Homeostasis = the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment (regulation) conscious unconscious 3 Biology 1107 - NIXON Chapter 01 A View of Life Respond to Stimuli (Info) • Living things detect changes in environment • Response often involves movement – Vulture can detect and find carrion a mile away – Tropisms in plants • Behavior = how an organism responds to a stimulus Reproduce and Develop Multicellular Organisms: -union of sperm and egg -developmental instructions encoded in genes Evolution: Unifying Concept of Biology 4 Biology 1107 - NIXON Chapter 01 A View of Life Evolution •Evolution: the change over time of the genetic composition of populations •Natural selection: populations of organisms can change over the generations if individuals having certain heritable traits leave more offspring than others (differential reproductive success) •Darwin found evidence for NS in Artificial Selection…man selectively breeding plants/animals – If we can produce such drastic changes in short time by AS, than NS over millions of years…. Evolution evidence: The Fossil Record •Succession of forms over time •Strata of Rock (sedimentary rock) •Transitional links Evolution evidence: Biogeography •Geographical distribution of species •Darwin noticed species on Galapagos resembled species on South American Immigrants more than similar islands 5 Biology 1107 - NIXON Chapter 01 A View of Life Evolution evidence: Comparative Anatomy •Homologous structures (homology) – Similarities in characteristics that results from common ancestry (different functions) – Genetic, Developmental, and Structural homology •Vestigial structures – Fully developed in one group but are reduced in another group. Ex: whale/snake hindlimbs; wings on flightless birds, ??humans Evolution evidence: Comparative Embryology •Pharyngeal pouches, ‘tails’ as embryos •Postanal Tails Evolution evidence: Biochemical Evidence Darwin??? •Similarities in DNA, proteins, genes, and gene products •Common genetic code 6 Biology 1107 - NIXON Chapter 01 A View of Life Overview of Evolution • • • • • Evolution is not a directed force! Organisms have differences – caused by???? Different traits – higher fitness levels Not Progessive Natural Selection doesn’t create new traits, just selects those most favorable traits to THAT PARTICULAR ENVIRONMENT. • No such thing as higher or lower organism (move away from Aristotle’s Scale of Nature) Organize Diversity using Taxonomy: – Name and classify living organisms Least inclusive to most inclusive Taxon Categorized by: -morphology -behavior -ecosystem Now: compare genomes Levels of Classification • Taxon • Human • Corn • Domain • Eukarya • Eukarya • Kingdom • Animalia • Plantae • Phylum • Chordata • Anthophyta • Class • Mammalia • Liliopsida • Order • Primates • Commelinales • Family • Hominidae • Poacae • Genus • Species • Homo • Zea • H. sapiens • Z. mays 7 Biology 1107 - NIXON Chapter 01 A View of Life The Eukaryotic Kingdoms Scientific Names • Binomial nomenclature (two-word names) • Universal (avoid common names) • Latin-based – Genus name is capitalized – Species name is lower case – Underline if handwritten or italicized if typed – Common to abbreviate the genus name Biodiversity: -Abundance of species -Variability of their genes -Different ecosystems in which they live Estimated as high as 15 million (2 million id/named) Extinction is: -death of a species 8 Biology 1107 - NIXON Chapter 01 A View of Life Organized process for seeking answers to a problem (question)! 7 Major Steps: 1) Make an observation 2) Identify a problem/question 3) Gather Information/Research 4) Form a hypothesis – trial solution/explanation -Reasoning: Inductive (combine isolated facts into larger statement) -Ex. The sun always rises in the east or All organisms are made of cells 5) Experiment – to test your hypothesis Reasoning: Deductive -Ex. (premise 1) all organisms are made of cells (premise 2) humans are organisms then humans are composed of cells Set up a controlled experiment that has: 1) Control Group 2) Experimental Group These two groups are identical except for 1 factor! Parts: Independent (experimental) variable – Dependent variable (responding)Constants (controlled variables)– parts that are the same within your experimental and control groups Procedure – one or more paragraphs 6) Results All data will be here (graphs, charts, etc.) Is the data reliable? Don’t analyze data here 7) Draw Conclusions Does it support the hypothesis? Support vs does not support! 2 Types of Data: After collecting data, a scientist may make an inference. • Inference=a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience. • (Example – researcher tests certain parts of a reservoir and infers that all the water is safe to drink). Hypothesis vs. Theory? 9