Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Flashcard Warm-up Bone markings Define and make a list of examples—(tuberoscity, foramen, etc.) Axial Division The Axial Division consists of 80 bones making up the skull, rib cage and vertebral column. It carries out the following functions: 1. Support and protection for the organs within the dorsal and ventral body cavities. 2. Provides the framework for the attachment of muscles that: a. adjust the positions of the head, neck and trunk. b. Perform respiratory movements c. Anchor and stabilize the appendicular bones. Appendicular Skeleton The Appendicular Division consists of 126 bones making up the appendages and girdles that connect appendages to the body. The pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle and scapula. The pelvic girdle is formed by the two coxal bones which are fused anteriorly. Cranium Bones I. AXIAL SKELETON (pp. 124-138) A. Skull (pp. 124-131) – formed by two sets of bones, the cranium and facial bones. The skull bones are joined together by sutures, interlocking immovable joints. 1. Cranium – composed of 8 large flat bones (two of these bones exist in pairs, the parietal and temporal bones) a. Frontal Bone –forms the forehead, projections under each eyebrow, and superior part of eye orbits b. Parietal Bones – paired bones from the superior and lateral walls of the cranium c. Temporal Bones – inferior to the parietal bones Temporal Bone Markings i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. External Auditory Meatus- ear canal Styloid Process – sharp needlelike projection inferior to the meatus where many neck muscles attach Zygomatic Process – the cheekbone Mastoid Process – rough projection where muscles of the neck attach Jugular Foramen – opening where jugular vein passes through Carotid Canal – opening for the internal corotid artery to pass through Occipital Bone a. Occipital Bone – most posterior bone of the cranium, the large opening in the bottom of this bone is the foramen magnum where the spinal cord connects to the brain. The occipital condyles rest on the first vertebra of the spinal column Sphenoid Bone The feature called the "temple" is actually a wing of the Sphenoid bone e. Sphenoid Bone – butterfly shaped bone that spans the width of the skull and forms the floor of the cranial cavity. Contains a small depression called the sella turcica (Turk’s saddle) which holds the pituitary gland in place Posterior view Ethmoid Bone f. Ethmoid Bone – forms the roof of the nasal cavity and medial walls of the orbits Facial Bones 1. Facial Bones – fourteen bones, twelve are paired, only the mandible and vomer are single bones a. Maxillae – fuse to form the upper jaw b. Palatine Bones – posterior part of the hard palate, failure of these bones to fuse results in a cleft palate c. Zygomatic Bones – the cheekbones, form lateral walls of the eyesockets d. Lacrimal Bones – fingernail sized bones forming the medial walls of each orbit e. Nasal Bones –small rectangular bones forming the ridge of the nose f. Vomer Bone – forms most of the nasal septum g. Inferior Conchae – thin curved bones projecting from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity h. Mandible – lower jaw, is the largest and strongest bone of the face Hyoid Bone 3. Hyoid Bone – the only bone of the body that does not articulate directly with another bone, suspended in the midneck region above the larynx where ligaments anchor it to the styloid processes of the temporal bone. Serves as a movable base for the tongue and attachment for neck muscles. Fetal Skull 4. Fetal Skull – bones of the fetal skull are not fused but contain fibrous membranes called fontanels, “soft spots” that connect the cranial bones. They allow room for the brain to grow and allow the fetal skull to be compressed during child birth. Anterior fontanel, posterior fontanel, sphenoid fontanel, mastoid fontanel Flashcard Warm-up Bone markings of the temporal bone Use your notes to write down the many markings found on the temporal bone alone (there are 6) Facial bones Use your notes to list the facial bones (fourteen bones but 12 of these are paired) Vertebral Column A. B. Vertebral Column (Spine) (pp. 131-134) – 26 irregular bones (before birth there are 33, but 9 of these fuse to form the sacrum and coccyx Parts of a typical vertebrae include: Body, vertebral arch, vertebral foramen, transverse processes, spinous process, superior and inferior articular process Cervical Vertebrae 1. Cervical Vertebrae – 7, the first two are called the atlas and axis – they allow you to rotate your head from side to side Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae 2. Thoracic Vertebrae - 12, larger than the cervical vertebrae 3. Lumbar Vertebrae – 5, largest and sturdiest of the vertebrae Lumbar 1-Vertebral Body 2-Spinous Process 3-Transverse Facet 4-Pedicle 5-Foramen 6-Lamina 7-Superior Facet Inferior Vertebral Column 4. Sacrum - fuses with the coccyx inferiorly 5. Coccyx - considered the human “tailbone” Bony Thorax A. Bony Thorax (pp. 134-138) – sternum, ribs and thoracic vertebrae 1. Sternum – flat bone, the manubrium, body and xiphoid process 2. Ribs a. True Ribs – first seven pairs that attach directly to the sternum b. False Ribs – the next five pairs attach indirectly to the sternum or are not attached to the sternum at all c. Floating Ribs – last two pairs lack sternal attachments APPENDICULAR SKELETON (pp. 138-145) A. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle, also called the Pectoral Girdle (p. 138) 1. Clavical (Collarbones) – attaches to the manubrium of the sternum medially and the scapula laterally 2. Scapulae (Shoulder Blades) – also called “wings” due to flaring when we move our arms posteriorl Important Bone markings: Acromion – enlarged end of the spine Coracoid process – connects with the clavicle laterally at the acromioclavicular joint Glenoid cavity – a shallow socket that receives the head of the humerus (arm bone) Bones of the Upper Limb 1. Arm A. Humerus B. Important Bone Markings: Greater and lesser tubercles – sites of muscle attachments near the head of the humerus Deltoid Tuberosity – a roughened area of the shaft where the deltoid muscle attaches Trochlea – medial distal end that looks like a spool Capitulum – lateral distal end, looks like a ball Coronoid Fossa – depression above the trochlea Olecranon Fossa- posterior distal surface these two fossa’s allow the ulna to move freely when the elbow is bent and extended Forearm Bones Forearm Radius – the lateral bone Important Markings: Radial tuberosity - just below the head, where the biceps tendon attaches Ulna - the medial bone Coronoid process- on proximal end Olecranon process – on proximal end (forms the elbow by articulating into the olecranon fossa on the humerus Trochlear Notch – groove that separates the coronoid and olecranon processes Interosseous Membrane- the membrane that connects the radius and ulna along its length Hand 3. Hand A. Carpals – wrist bones, the most commonly fractured when falling on an outstretched hand is the scaphoid bone ( sits on thumbside) B. Metacarpals – articulate with carpals and phalanges C. Phalanges – finger bones Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Bones of the Pelvic Girdle (pp. 141-143) – formed by the two coxal bones Coxal Bones (Hip Bones) Formed by the fusion of three bones: Ilium – connects with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint, large flaring bone that forms most of the hip bone. Iliac crestupper edge Ischium Ischium – the “sitdown” bone, it is most inferior a. Ischial tuberosity - part you’re sitting on b. Ischial spine - superior to the tuberosity, narrows the outlet of the pelvis Greater Sciatic notch – allows blood vessels and the large sciatic nerve to pass through Pubis Bone Pubis – most anterior Obturator Foramen – opening which allows blood vessels and nerve to pass through to the thigh Pubic Symphysis – where the two pubic bones fuse anteriorly to form a cartilaginous joint Acetabulum – where the ilium, ischium, and pubis fuse, receives the head of the femur Lower Limb Bones Bones of the Lower Limbs (pp. 143-145) Thigh Femur – heaviest, strongest bone in the body Greater and lesser trochanters – blunt processes at the proximal end that are sites of muscle attachments Medial and Lateral condyles – at distal end where the femur articulates with the tibia Lower Leg Bones Leg Tibia – shinbone, medial weight-bearing bone of lower leg Tibial Tuberosity – proximal end of tibia where patellar ligaments and tendon attach Medial malleolus – distal inner bulge of the ankle Fibula – stick-like lateral bone of lower leg, joins with the tibia proximally and distally Lateral malleolus – distal fibula that forms the outer part of the ankle Foot Bones Foot Tarsals – 7 bones cuneiform bones (medial, intermediate, lateral) cuboid, navicular, talus, calcaneus Metatarsals – form the sole Phalanges - toes Helpful Websites for Studying http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/skull/antskul.htm http://www.getbodysmart.com/index.htm http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/menu/animation.htm l