Download Learning bone names

Flashcard Warm-up
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Bone markings
Define and make a list of
examples—(tuberoscity, foramen,
etc.)
Axial Division
The Axial Division consists of 80 bones making up the skull, rib cage and vertebral column.
It carries out the following functions:
1. Support and protection for the organs within the dorsal and ventral body cavities.
2. Provides the framework for the attachment of muscles that:
a. adjust the positions of the head, neck and trunk.
b. Perform respiratory movements
c. Anchor and stabilize the appendicular bones.
Appendicular Skeleton
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The Appendicular Division
consists of 126 bones making
up the appendages and
girdles that connect
appendages to the body. The
pectoral girdle consists of the
clavicle and scapula. The
pelvic girdle is formed by the
two coxal bones which are
fused anteriorly.
Cranium Bones
I.
AXIAL SKELETON (pp. 124-138)
A. Skull (pp. 124-131) – formed by two sets of bones, the cranium and facial
bones. The skull bones are joined together by sutures, interlocking immovable
joints.
1. Cranium – composed of 8 large flat bones (two of these bones exist in
pairs, the parietal and temporal bones)
a. Frontal Bone –forms the forehead, projections under each
eyebrow, and superior part of eye orbits
b. Parietal Bones – paired bones from the superior and lateral walls
of the cranium
c. Temporal Bones – inferior to the parietal bones
Temporal Bone Markings
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
External Auditory Meatus- ear canal
Styloid Process – sharp needlelike projection inferior to
the meatus where many neck muscles attach
Zygomatic Process – the cheekbone
Mastoid Process – rough projection where muscles of the
neck attach
Jugular Foramen – opening where jugular vein passes
through
Carotid Canal – opening for the internal corotid artery to
pass through
Occipital Bone
a.
Occipital Bone – most posterior bone of the cranium, the large
opening in the bottom of this bone is the foramen magnum where
the spinal cord connects to the brain. The occipital condyles rest
on the first vertebra of the spinal column
Sphenoid Bone
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The feature called the "temple" is actually a wing of the
Sphenoid bone
e. Sphenoid Bone – butterfly shaped bone
that spans the width of the skull and forms
the floor of the cranial cavity. Contains a
small depression called the sella turcica
(Turk’s saddle) which holds the pituitary
gland in place
Posterior view
Ethmoid Bone
f. Ethmoid Bone – forms the roof of the nasal
cavity and medial walls of the orbits
Facial Bones
1. Facial Bones – fourteen bones, twelve are paired, only the mandible and
vomer are single bones
a. Maxillae – fuse to form the upper jaw
b. Palatine Bones – posterior part of the hard palate, failure of
these bones to fuse results in a cleft palate
c. Zygomatic Bones – the cheekbones, form lateral walls of the
eyesockets
d. Lacrimal Bones – fingernail sized bones forming the medial walls
of each orbit
e. Nasal Bones –small rectangular bones forming the ridge of the
nose
f. Vomer Bone – forms most of the nasal septum
g. Inferior Conchae – thin curved bones projecting from the lateral
walls of the nasal cavity
h. Mandible – lower jaw, is the largest and strongest bone of the
face
Hyoid Bone
3. Hyoid Bone – the only bone
of the body that does not
articulate directly with
another bone, suspended in
the midneck region above the
larynx where ligaments
anchor it to the styloid
processes of the temporal
bone. Serves as a movable
base for the tongue and
attachment for neck muscles.
Fetal Skull
4. Fetal Skull – bones of the fetal
skull are not fused but contain
fibrous membranes called
fontanels, “soft spots” that
connect the cranial bones. They
allow room for the brain to grow
and allow the fetal skull to be
compressed during child birth.
Anterior fontanel, posterior
fontanel, sphenoid fontanel,
mastoid fontanel
Flashcard Warm-up
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Bone markings of
the temporal
bone
Use your notes to
write down the
many markings
found on the
temporal bone
alone (there are 6)
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Facial bones
Use your notes
to list the facial
bones (fourteen
bones but 12 of
these are
paired)
Vertebral Column
A.
B.
Vertebral Column (Spine) (pp. 131-134) – 26 irregular bones (before birth
there are 33, but 9 of these fuse to form the sacrum and coccyx
Parts of a typical vertebrae include: Body, vertebral arch, vertebral foramen,
transverse processes, spinous process, superior and inferior articular process
Cervical Vertebrae
1.
Cervical Vertebrae – 7, the first
two are called the atlas and axis –
they allow you to rotate your head
from side to side
Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae
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2. Thoracic Vertebrae - 12, larger than
the cervical vertebrae
3. Lumbar Vertebrae – 5, largest and
sturdiest of the vertebrae
Lumbar
1-Vertebral Body 2-Spinous Process
3-Transverse Facet 4-Pedicle
5-Foramen 6-Lamina 7-Superior Facet
Inferior Vertebral Column
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4. Sacrum - fuses with the coccyx inferiorly
5. Coccyx - considered the human “tailbone”
Bony Thorax
A.
Bony Thorax (pp. 134-138) – sternum, ribs and thoracic vertebrae
1. Sternum – flat bone, the manubrium, body and xiphoid process
2. Ribs
a.
True Ribs – first seven pairs that attach directly to the sternum
b.
False Ribs – the next five pairs attach indirectly to the sternum or
are not attached to the sternum at all
c. Floating Ribs – last two pairs lack sternal attachments
APPENDICULAR SKELETON (pp. 138-145)
A. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle, also called the
Pectoral Girdle (p. 138)
1. Clavical (Collarbones) – attaches to the
manubrium of the sternum medially and
the scapula laterally
2. Scapulae (Shoulder Blades) – also called
“wings” due to flaring when we move our
arms posteriorl

Important Bone markings:

Acromion – enlarged end of the spine

Coracoid process – connects with the
clavicle laterally at the acromioclavicular joint

Glenoid cavity – a shallow socket that
receives the head of the humerus (arm
bone)
Bones of the Upper Limb
1. Arm
A. Humerus
B. Important Bone Markings:
Greater and lesser tubercles – sites
of muscle attachments near the
head of the humerus
Deltoid Tuberosity – a roughened area
of the shaft where the deltoid muscle
attaches
Trochlea – medial distal end that looks
like a spool
Capitulum – lateral distal end, looks
like a ball
Coronoid Fossa – depression above
the trochlea
Olecranon Fossa- posterior distal
surface these two fossa’s allow the ulna
to move freely when the elbow is bent
and extended
Forearm Bones
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Forearm
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Radius – the lateral bone
Important Markings:
Radial tuberosity - just below the head,
where the biceps tendon attaches
Ulna - the medial bone
Coronoid process- on proximal end
Olecranon process – on proximal end
(forms the elbow by articulating into the
olecranon fossa on the humerus
Trochlear Notch – groove that separates
the coronoid and olecranon processes
Interosseous Membrane- the membrane
that connects the radius and ulna along its
length
Hand
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3. Hand
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A. Carpals – wrist bones,
the most commonly
fractured when falling on
an outstretched hand is the
scaphoid bone ( sits on
thumbside)
B. Metacarpals –
articulate with carpals and
phalanges
C. Phalanges – finger
bones
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

Bones of the Pelvic
Girdle (pp. 141-143) –
formed by the two
coxal bones
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Coxal Bones (Hip
Bones) Formed by the
fusion of three bones:

Ilium – connects with
the sacrum at the
sacroiliac joint, large
flaring bone that forms
most of the hip bone.
Iliac crestupper edge
Ischium
Ischium – the “sitdown” bone, it
is most inferior
a.
Ischial tuberosity - part
you’re sitting on
b.
Ischial spine - superior to
the tuberosity, narrows the
outlet of the pelvis
Greater Sciatic notch –
allows blood vessels and the
large
sciatic nerve to pass
through
Pubis Bone
Pubis – most anterior
Obturator Foramen – opening which
allows blood vessels
and nerve to pass
through to the thigh
Pubic Symphysis – where the two pubic
bones fuse anteriorly to form a cartilaginous
joint
 Acetabulum – where the ilium, ischium,
and pubis fuse, receives the head of the
femur
Lower Limb Bones
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Bones of the Lower Limbs
(pp. 143-145)
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Thigh

Femur – heaviest, strongest bone
in the body
Greater and lesser trochanters
– blunt processes at the proximal
end that are sites of muscle
attachments
Medial and Lateral condyles – at
distal end where the femur
articulates with the tibia
Lower Leg Bones
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Leg
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Tibia – shinbone, medial weight-bearing
bone of lower leg
Tibial Tuberosity – proximal end of tibia
where patellar ligaments and tendon
attach
Medial malleolus – distal inner bulge of
the ankle
Fibula – stick-like lateral bone of lower leg,
joins with the tibia proximally and distally
Lateral malleolus – distal fibula that
forms the outer part
of the ankle
Foot Bones
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Foot
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Tarsals – 7 bones cuneiform
bones (medial, intermediate,
lateral) cuboid, navicular,
talus, calcaneus
Metatarsals – form the sole
Phalanges - toes
Helpful Websites for Studying
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http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/skull/antskul.htm
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http://www.getbodysmart.com/index.htm
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http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/menu/animation.htm
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