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WORLD HISTORY notes
CRUSADES
1071 Battle of Manzikert
 Seljuk Turks (Muslims) defeat Byzantines and took control of Holy Lands
 Turks taxed Christians heavily for pilgrimages
 Byzantine Emperor, Alexius Comnenus, asked Pope Urban II for help
IMPORTANCE OF HOLY LANDS and JERUSALEM
CHRISTIANS
MUSLIMS
JEWS
Where Jesus lived, preached,
and was crucified
Church of Holy Sepulchre
Holy shrine
Jesus resurrected
Dome of the Rock
Holy shrine
site of Muhammad’s “Night
of Power”
Jewish Temple
Wailing Wall (Western)
1095 Council of Clermont
 Pope Urban II calls for “Crusaders” to regain “Holy Lands” form the “Infidels”
 “God Will’s It”
REASONS FOR FIGHTING IN THE CRUSADES
CRUSADERS
POPES

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


Regain Holy Lands
Salvation if died in battle (Martyr)
Escape Feudalism
$$$$
Adventure
 Increase power of Pope over
Christendom
 By developing an international army led by
the Church, nationalism loyalties to
kings/lords would decrease and power of
Pope would be increased
 End fighting between Christians in
western Europe – GIVE THEM A COMMON
ENEMY TO FIGHT
1099 First Crusade
 Crusaders recaptured Jerusalem
 Sign that God is on side of Christians
 Only successful Crusade
Knights Templar
Knights Hospitaller
Protected Christian pilgrims (“Special Ops”)
Christian organization in Holy Lands that cared for poor/sick
1189 Third Crusade – “King’s Crusade”
 King Richard (England), King Philip Augustus (France), King Frederick Barbarossa (HRE)
Returned home pouting after
fighting with King Richard
Drowned on way to
Crusades
 Saladin regained Jerusalem
 Saladin, Muslim leader, made a treaty with King Richard to allow Christians to make
pilgrimages to Jerusalem
 King Richard was captured on the way home and held for ransom by the new HRE
o Taxes raised to get Richard released were a contributing cause to the Magna Carta
1199 Fourth Crusade
 Crusaders attacked Christian cities to help pay for transportation to Crusades
 Christianity lost any hope of ever reuniting
1212 Children’s Crusade
 God would deliver victory because they were poor and faithful
5th-8th Crusades = Failures
 had victories, but generally lost it back
1291 Crusades over
 Acre, last Christian stronghold in Holy Lands, is lost
CRUSADES DIED OUT
 Defeats
 European lack of interest due to economic growth
 Discredited due to Crusaders attacking other Christians
RESULTS OF CRUSADES
• Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire
• Permanent separation Christianity
–
In 1453, when Byzantine Empire was defeated, they surrendered instead of asking Rome for aid
• Increase in trade
– especially Italian cities, which helped fuel the Renaissance
• Increase in power of Monarchs
• Breakdown of Feudalism
• Renewed European interest in education
• Improved technology (maps, compass, ships)