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Transcript
The Molecules of Cells Always contain carbon Always have covalent bonds (not ionic) Usually associated with large numbers of atoms Commonly associated with living things Can covalently bond with as many as 4 other atoms 4 valence electrons Can form many shapes 3-Dimensional shape is very important to function Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Monomer—individual Carbohydrates—monosaccharides Lipids—fatty acids Proteins—amino acids Nucleic acids—nucleotides Polymer—many building unit units covalently bonded Each monomer is like a pearl on a necklace Functional groups—atoms or clusters of atoms covalently bonded to organic compounds that affect the compound’s structure and function Fuctional-group Changes the chemical reactivity Electron transfer transfer Transfers energy Rearrangement Changes internal bonds, changing 3D structure Condensation Combines two compounds by removing water Dehydration synthesis Cleavage Splits compounds with water Hydrolysis Split OH- from one molecule Split H+ from another molecule Bonds form at exposed sites Water is byproduct “Dehydration Synthesis”—Remove water (dehydrate) to combine/create (synthesize) Reverse of condensation Split molecules Add OH- and H+ from water Literally “water splitting” Hydro = water Lysis = break, destroy Contain C, H, and O in 1:2:1 ratio Hydrophilic Used for energy storage, structure Monosaccharides Single sugar unit Glucose, fructose, galactose Hydroxyl group (OH-) Isomers—same molecular formula (C6H12O6), different structure Used to assemble larger carbohydrates Disaccharide Short chain of two sugar monomers Formed by dehydration synthesis Maltose—Glucose + Glucose Sucrose—Glucose + Fructose Lactose—Glucose + Galactose Polysaccharide—chain of hundreds or thousands of monomers Straight or branched “Complex” Starch—plant energy storage Cell wall Insoluble in water, indigestible Glycogen—animal energy storage Easily converted to glucose Slightly- or unbranched Cellulose—plant structural carbohydrates Stored in muscle & liver Highly branched Chitin—structural component of insects Greasy or oily compounds Non-polar, hydrophobic Energy storage, membrane structure, coatings, insulation Fatty acids—long chain of mostly C and H with a carboxyl group (-COOH) at the end Saturated—single Carbon bonds “Saturated” with hydrogen (H+ everywhere possible) Unsaturated—double Carbon bonds Some carbons don’t have max possible H+ Fat—one or more fatty acids attached to glycerol Twice the energy of carbohydrates Triglycerides—95% of all fats Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acid side chains Combined through dehydration synthesis Phospolipid 2 Fatty Acids + Phosphate Group + Glycerol Similar to triglyceride but with phosphate group replacing a fatty acid chain Main structural material of membranes Hydrophilic “head”, hydrophobic “tail” Sterols 4 carbon rings, no fatty acid tails Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen, other hormones Some regulate vitamin D function Regulate cell membrane fluidity Waxes Long-chain fatty acids + alcohols or carbon rings Coatings for plant parts or animal coverings Most diverse of all biological molecules Enzymes Cell movement Cell signaling Storage & transport Hormones Antibodies Structure Amino acid—monomer unit Three groups covalently bonded to central C Same backbone, vary only in R group 20 amino acids necessary for life Polypeptides—polymer of proteins Peptide bond, between C and N Formed by dehydration synthesis Structure Primary Secondary b Pleated Sheet Alpha Helix Tertiary Quaternary The shape of the structure determines function Shape is determined by amino acids & hydrogen bonds A single amino acid change will affect all the way to the quaternary structure Why is structure important? Change in shape is VERY important to function Sickle cell anemia due to a single amino acid difference Denaturation—unraveling of polypeptide chains Loose shape, therefore also function Lipoproteins Bonded to fats Glycoproteins Bonded to carbohydrates Important to metabolism & heredity Nucleotide—monomer unit 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) Nitrogen base Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil Phosphate group DNA—double-stranded helix, carries hereditary information RNA—single-stranded helix, translates code to build proteins ATP—single nucleotide, releases energy for cells to work