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Transcript
Chapter 3 review Date:_____________________Period:_______ Names of you and your partners (Circle your name) :__________________________________________ 1. What cellular process occurs in the mitochondria? 2. Explain why humans are made up of trillions of small cells instead of less large ones? Having many cells allows the surface area-to-volume ratio to be quite large and allows materials to be exchanged more easily. Smaller cells have a higher metabolic rate. Also, having many different cells allows an organism to have areas of specialization for different functions. 3. What is the function of the mitochondria? To produce ATP (energy) for cell processes 4. What is the function of channel proteins? Allow substances to pass through the plasma membrane; like H ions for ATP formation 5. What is the function of a carrier protein? To selectively with a specific molecule or ion so that it can cross the plasma membrane 6. A cell that has a large number of mitochondria is involved in what form of transport? Active tranport 7. What molecule is the product of a chloroplast; water, oxygen, carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide? Oxygen 8. What type of organelle is found in large amounts in metabolically active cells like heart muscle cells? Mitochondria 9. What is phagocytosis? A form of endocytosis that involves taking in larger molecules and organisms. The plasma membrane envelops the macromolecule, the plasma membrane touches, reforms and pinches off a vesicle, which can then flow into the cell. 10. What is the difference between pinocytosis and exocytosis? Pinocytosis is a form of endocytosis where the cell takes in small substances and water and exocytosis is a process where molecules are expelled from the cell. It is the opposite function. 11.Where do vesicles produced at the endoplasmic reticulum move to next? Golgi apparatus 12. What is the function of the golgi body? To make lysosomes, to package and process proteins 13. What are cell recognition proteins? glycoproteins that help the body recognize self vs others and can help recognize invaders like bacteria 14. What cellular process occurs in the nucleus? DNA replication 15. What are receptor proteins? In the plasma membrane. They have a shape that allows a specific molecule to bind to it. The binding causes the shape of the protein to change and to have a cellular response (eg. Liver stores glucose after insulin from pancreas tells it to do so) 16.The biological molecule that is stored in the nucleus is a polymer of what kind of molecule? Nucleotides 17.What is the function of the nucleus? To regulate most cell processes 18.Where is the genetic material of an organism stored? Nucleus 19.What is an enzymatic protein? In the plasma membrane, it can carry out metabolic reactions directly; some reactions occur as a result of them (like final steps in the electron transport chain) 20.What cellular process is associated with ribosomes? Protein synthesis 21.What is the function of the cell wall? To provide structural support 22.What substances are found in lysosomes? Hydrolytic enzymes 23.Which organelle store water, sugars, and salts? Vacuoles 24.What is the semi-fluid medium that organelles float in called? Cytoplasm 25.Which molecule allows hydrogen ions to move across the inner mitochondrial membrane? A channel protein 26.What types of atoms/molecules are transported across the cell membrane by carrier proteins? Potassium ions, GLUT carries glucose 27.What is the pattern of microtubules in cilia? 9+2 pattern of microtubule doublets 28.What is the pattern of microtubules in Centrioles? 9+0 pattern of microtubules 29.Explain what it means when we say that the cell membrane is selectively permeable? It only allows certain molecules to pass through it. 30.What kind of solution might a leaf cell be placed in if it wilted, hypertonic or hypotonic? Hypertonic 31.What is the difference between active transport and facilitated transport? Facilitated transport requires a carrier but no energy since it goes with the concentration gradient but Active transport requires a carrier plus energy to take it against the concentration gradient 32.What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis? Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane. They both involve movement from an area of high concentration to low concentration 33.If a red blood cell is placed in an IV solution that has a 1.2 % concentration of salt, what will happen to the cell? Crenation.-It will lose water since it is in a hypertonic solution 34.What is receptor-mediated endocytosis? This is a form of pinocytosis that is selective and efficient. It has a specific protein receptor shape so that the specific molecule can bind to it and no other. 35.What is the role of peripheral proteins? They provide a structural role in that they help shape and stabilize the plasma membrane. They may also function in signaling pathways. 36.What is the difference between diffusion and facilitated transport through the plasma membrane? Facilitated diffusion required a protein to carry a molecule from high to low concentration (due to polarity of the molecule transported , for example) whereas diffusion occurs without the help of a protein from low to high concentration 37.What molecules can diffuse across the plasma membrane? Non-charged molecules like oxygen 38.What is the surface area to volume ratio of a rectangular cell that is 3mm by 4 mm by 2 mm? Is it more efficient at removing wastes than a cell with a surface area to volume ratio of (3:2) 1.5? SA=2(3x4)+2(4x2)+2(3x2)= 52 mm2 Volume=3x4x2=24mm3 SA:V=52:24=2.34, Yes!! Can you identify and state the function of the following organelles? 39. Plasma Membrane-cell boundary that controls molecule passages entering and exiting cells 40. Cell Wall provides structure, support, and protection 41. Cytoskeleton maintains shape of cell movement of the cell’s organelles Reinforce the cell 42. Cilia (rare in plant cells) and Flagella movement of cell -assist in transporting external substances 43. Centriole-assembles and disassemble spindle fibers ; assist in mitosis (cell division) 44. Nucleus stores genetic info, DNA; controls characteristics and metabolic functions of cell 45.Nuclear Envelope separates nucleus from cytoplasm, controls entry and exit into nucleus 46. Nucleoli- forms the subunits of ribosomes 47. Peroxisomes enclose enzymes and have various metabolic tasks including breaking down molecules into hydrogen peroxide and eventually turn it into water and oxygen. Some break down lipids and bile. 48. Ribosomes protein synthesis 49. Rough ER folds, transports, modifies proteins 50. Smooth ER lipid synthesis as well as phospholipid and steroid synthesis 51. Mitochondria cellular respiration; produce ATP molecules and CO2 52. Chloroplasts photosynthesis; synthesis of carbohydrates and oxygen 53. Golgi Apparatus (golgi body) process, package, distribute proteins and lipids 54. Lysosomes -digestion of all sorts of molecules, organisms 55. Vacuoles (and smaller Vesicles) regulate pressure and water levels of cell , storage and transport of substances and waste