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UNIT 3: DNA—THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF LIFE WHAT IS DNA? Stands for: __________________________________________________________ DNA is a molecule that stores the ________________________________________________ in all organisms DNA is stored in the __________________________ of your cells FUN DNA Facts! DNA is too small to see, but under a microscope it looks like a twisted up ladder! DNA Stands for: D: Deoxyribose N: Nucleic A: Acid Every living thing has DNA. That means that YOU have something in common with a zebra, tree, mushroom, and beetle! THE STRUCTURE OF DNA DNA Structure DNA is a long chain of units made of ______________________________ Each nucleotide has three parts: 1. ________________________________ (one phosphorus/3 oxygens) 2. ________________________________ (ring-shaped sugar) 3. ________________________________ There are ___________________ types of nucleotides—based on what type of _____________________________ they have Structure of nucleotides: _________________________________ _____________________: Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) _________________________________ One molecule of DNA contains BILLIONS of nucleotides, but there are only 4 types: --_____________________A --_____________________G --_____________________C --_____________________T The letter refers to the ___________________________ as well as the nucleotide BASE PAIRING DNA is a ___________________________________ structure—this means that there are two strands of DNA that wind together like a twisted ladder The strands are bonded together at the ______________________ The bases always pair up in the same way based on _________________________________________________: Adenine bonds with Thymine Adenine Thymine Cytosine bonds with Guanin THE DOUBLE HELIX Bases Sugar Phosphate chain The structure of DNA consists of two strands wrapped around each other in a double helix So, if one strand is……. what is the other strand based on base pairing rules? AT C GA– T– A– G– C– T ADNA REPLICATION DNA REPLICATION Before a cell divides, it must make a _______________ of its DNA so the new cell has a full set of DNA Steps of DNA Replication: 1. DNA is _____________________________________ 2. __________________________________ adds nucleotides, according to base pairing rules 3. The strand is ___________________________ as nucleotides are added, and mistakes can be fixed if the wrong base was added A mistake is called a _________________________ 4. DNA polymerase continues adding nucleotides until _________________ signal is reached DNA Replication in Action TRANSCRIPTION RNA (this molecule is used during transcription) RNA: _______________________________________________ --Chain of nucleotides made of: o ____________________________________ o ____________________________________ o ____________________________________ --It’s a ________________________________________________ of DNA that is used then destroyed DNA vs RNA: (both have a sugar, phosphate & base) DNA RNA Its sugar is _____________________________ Its sugar is _________________________________ Bases are : Adenine, Thymine, Guanine & Cytosine Bases are Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, & Cytosine ____________________strand of nucleotides ____________________strand of nucleotides Transcription: 1. Copying a ______________________________________ to make a complementary strand of RNA 2. This is catalyzed (allowed to happen) by__________________________ Basic Steps of Transcription in Cells: 1. DNA strands unwind 2. RNA polymerase copies one strand of_____________and creates a complementary strand of _________________________________ (known as mRNA) 3. Once the gene has been copied, ___________________________________________________ 4. mRNA moves out of the nucleus and into the ____________________________________ Types of RNA: Made during transcription, used during translation o ____________________________________(mRNA) o ____________________________________(rRNA) o ____________________________________(tRNA) TRANSLATION TRANSLATION Process that converts (translates) ________________________into ____________________________ —called protein synthesis mRNA is a message that codes for a _____________________________ when it attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm of the cell Each combination of 3 nucleotides (known as a _______________) on the mRNA codes for an __________________________________ —groups of amino acids become proteins in the cell Steps of Translation: 1. mRNA moves out of _________________________ and into the ____________________________ 2. mRNA attaches to___________________________ 3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) decodes the mRNA into ________________________________, which link together into __________________________ 4. Protein (chain of amino acids) detaches from ribosome and goes off to work in the cell Genetic Code tRNA matches each ______________ in mRNA to three nucleotide bases called _________________ on tRNA. This anticodon has a specific amino acid attached that will eventually form a chain of amino acids to make a protein : • There are 64 possible 3 letter combinations BUT only 20 amino acids…. • SO, some Codons code for more than one amino acid Codon Anticodon Different codons code for different amino acids!! TRANSCRIPTION VS. TRANSLATION REVIEW Transcription Process by which genetic information encoded in ___________ is copied onto ____________________ Translation Process by which information encoded in ___________ is used to assemble a protein at a ribosome Occurs in the ____________________ Occurs on a ______________________ _______________ ______________ _______________ ______________ MUTATIONS A Mutation is a ____________________________________________________________________________ It’s a mistake made during _____________________________ or ________________________________ Can be: 1. Harmful: _______________________________________________________ 2. Helpful: ________________________________________________________ 3. Neutral: ________________________________________________________ Passing on Mutations If a mutation occurs in a ______________________________________ cell, the mutation IS PASSED on to offspring If a mutation occurs in a ______________________________________, it only affects the organism and IS NOT PASSED on to offspring