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Medieval Ages
Medieval usually refers to the period of
European history between the Dark Ages
(the Age of the Saints) and the
Renaissance (the New Learning).
Medieval Ages
Characteristics:
Early Middle Ages Middle Ages High Middle Ages
Middle Ages
After Rome Fell
• Germanic tribes have
moved into the former
Roman Empire.
– Visigoths, Ostrogoth's,
Angles, Saxons, Franks
• Angles and Saxons
immigrated to Britain
from Germany and
Denmark.
Franks
• Longest lasting kingdom
after Rome fell.
• 486 – King Clovis
– Became the first
Germanic ruler to accept
Christianity
– Benefited both Clovis
and the Church.
Frankish Society
• Family was central in Frankish society.
– Blood Feuds
• Wergild
established as restitution for murder
to avoid revenge. (money for a man)
• Ordeal
used to determine innocence based
on divine intervention through a dangerous
experience.
-red hot iron and physical fighting trial
Horrible Histories Clip: Trial by Cake
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4UeVL4SKoQ
The Church
• The church was the
most important
establishment in Europe
– Takes the place of the
Roman government.
• The Pope
viewed as
Peter’s successor.
– Leader of the Church
and Christianity.
Pope Gregory I
• He increased the power of the Pope
– Concerned with converting German pagans
– Began monastic movement
• Pope Benedict founded the “model”
monastery.
– They provided education for the young, housing
for travelers and medical care for the sick.
Your Turn
• Read the article
– http://www.history.com/topics/charlemagne
– On the left side of your notebook create a stick
figure
Discuss his wisdom, education
Discuss his works, creations
His Loves
How far he expanded his kingdom
Charlemagne
• Charles the Great
in 768.
Becomes king of the Franks
– He was intelligent and decisive.
• He delegated authority, strengthened the
military, and built an empire.
• The Pope crowned him “Emperor of the Romans”
• missi dominici
two messengers who made
sure Charlemagne’s commands were carried out
throughout his kingdom
• Trial of Panel: Charlemagne’s version of the
ordeal trials (trial by jury)
Carolingian Empire
(768 – 814 AD)
• Charlemagne promoted learning.
– Schools were created to educate future kings and
leaders.
• His crowning symbolized a union of Roman,
German and Christian cultures.
• His reign is called the Carolingian Renaissance
– Marked the high point of civilization
– Temporarily revived civilization, art and learning.
Carolingian Renaissance
Decline of the Empire
• Charlemagne dies in 814
• Hands over crown to his son.
– Grandson’s Charles, Lothair and Louis split the
Empire apart (Western, Eastern and Middle).
– Civilization collapses again.
• Troubled by invasions
– Muslims (Africa), Magyars (Asia) and Norsemen
(Scandinavia)
England
• After Fall of Rome Anglo-Saxons take over.
– Writings and poems: Beowulf
– Christianity moves in the 7th Century
• Norman invasion lead by William the
Conqueror
– Set up a system of castles to help control the land
Feudalism
• Europeans needed
protections
– wealthy, land owning
nobles
• Feudal Contract
– Lords rewarded vassals
with a fief (land grant)
– Vassals swore an oath to
the lord
Feudalism Pyramid of Power
Chivalry
• Chivalry: Civilized behavior influenced by the
Catholic Church
• Knights Large horse cavalry who wore chainmail and other armor
• Competed in tournaments for honor
– Jousting
• Followed a Code of Chivalry
–
–
–
–
Defend the Church
Treat captives as guests
Fight for glory rather than material goods
Respect women
Your Turn
• Medieval/Feudal
System Webquest.
• Go to Mr. Byers’ Wiki
page-Click on World
History-Under Unit 3
will be the links to the
webquest.
• Completely answer the
questions given.
England (Angland)
• Conquered by William the Conqueror in 1066 at
the Battle of Hastings.
• Henry II increases the power of the monarchs and
royal courts.
– Common Law
Kingdom
laws applied to everybody in the
• Magna Carta
limited monarch; recognized
rights of vassals.
• Edward I creates parliament as a legislative body.
France and Germany
• France was weak after Charlemagne's death.
– Philip the Fair creates 3 Estates: Clergy (first),
nobles (second), and the townspeople (third).
• Germany becomes the Holy Roman Empire
– Otto I was named Roman Emperor for protecting
the Pope.
– A struggle between Popes and Emperors killed the
HRE
Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire
• Justinian I becomes the emperor of the Eastern Roman
Empire.
• During his reign his empire included part of Spain, Italy, North
Africa, Asia Minor, Palestine, Syria
• He tries to restore the old empire
• Constantinople the greatest city during the Middle Ages in
Europe
– Too much territory to protect from Constantinople.
– After his death: Lose Syria and Palestine to the Muslims, loses
Italy to Lombards.
– Bulgars defeated the empires forces in the north and created a
Bulgarian kingdom.
– This smaller kingdom becomes known as the Byzantine Empire.
Byzantine Empire
• Greek language replaces Latin
• Built on Christian faith-becomes known as the
Eastern Orthodox Church.
– Emperor was chosen by God-called the patriarch.
– Had control over the church and the state.
– Constantinople (During Justinian’s rule)
Created Hippodrome-gladiator fights, chariot
races
Hagia Sophia-the Church of the Holy Wisdom
Trade for Silk made this place a Hot spot.
Hippodrome
Hagia Sophia
Pope Vs. Patriarch
• Christian Empire and
Emperor had absolute
rule
– Appointed the head of the
Church
– Patriarch
• Disagreement between
Pope in Rome and
Patriarch in
Constantinople known as
a schism (separation)
between both Christian
kingdoms
The Crusades
• Byzantine Empire needs help from Eastern
Church
• Slejuk Turks greatest threat to Byzantine Empire
– Deny Christian pilgrims access to the Holy Land
– Alexius I asks Europe for help
• Pope Urban II agrees and calls upon European
Christians to take up arms against the infidels.
• First Crusade Take Jerusalem
• Third Crusade Saladin takes back Jerusalem
• Fourth Crusade Crusaders sack Constantinople
First Crusade
• Pope Urban II, responded, saw an opportunity
to provide leadership for a great cause-free
the Holy Lands from the Infidels (unbelievers)
• All who die…shall have immediate remission
(forgiveness) of sins.-It is the Will of God.
• Mostly French warriors reached Jerusalem in
June 1099-Holy city was taken amid a horrible
massacre of its inhabitants.
Second Crusade
• Epic Fail
• Muslims struck the newly claimed lands.
• Saint Bernard of Clairvaux managed to enlist
King Louis VII of France and Emperor Conrad
III of Germany.
Third Crusade
• Most Famous One
• Muslim leader Saladin took Jerusalem
• German Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, King
Richard I (Lionheart), and French King Philip II
Augustus joined forces to attack.
• Frederick drowned in river, English and French
captured coastal cities-couldn’t move inland.
• Philip went home, Richard settled with Saladin
permitting Christian pilgrims to visit Jerusalem
Fourth Crusade
• Complete Mess
• Ended up sacking Constantinople, a Christian
city
Crusaders Impact
• Political
• Helped break down Feudalism-Kings levied
taxes and raised armies, nobles joining the
Crusades sold their lands and freed their serfs.
• Nobles lost power-kings created stronger
central governments-paving the way to true
nation-states
• Mid 1400s-Portugal, Spain, England, and
France emerge in Europe
High Middle Ages (1000-1300)
• Things are looking up.
• Population doubles
– Outside invasions stop
– Food production increases due
to new technology (carrucaheavy wheeled plow)
– Three- field crop rotation
increased productivity. One in
the fall (grains, wheat), one in
the spring (oats, vegetablespeas and beans) and one left
to fallow-kept land fertile
Manors
• Manorial System
peasants work on
estates owned by lords.
– Peasants
free; could leave on their own will,
but had few rights
– Serfs
bound to land, but it couldn’t be taken
from them.
• Daily life for peasants was ruled by the
seasons, and was a meager, but adequate
existence
Medieval Manor
Trade
• Trade was almost non-existent during the
Early Middle Ages.
• The revival of trade led to many changes in
medieval life:
– Money replaced barter (again) and people sought
profit (capitalism)
– Cities were revived as centers of life
• Created new government
• Walls surrounded them
• Artisans developed guilds (associations) for their crafts
Roman Catholics
• Pope and the Church had a great
influence in medieval Europe.
Was apart of the Feudal system.
• Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085)
– Separated church and state by
outlawing lay investiture (secular
appointees to church positions)
– Henry IV of Germany declared he
had the right to choose Clerics
– Pope was voice of God
– Claimed the right to remove rulers
from power
King Henry IV vs. Pope Gregory VII
1075-Gregory bans lays, Henry puts in new
bishop of Milan, replacing Gregory’s
choice
1076-Gregory excommunicates Henry (he
is a damned person)
1077-Henry submits to Gregory and is
dethroned, Rudolph is elected-Civil
War
1080-Gregory supports Rudolph over
Henry. Henry names an antipope,
Clement III-Gregory excommunicates
them both.
1081-Henry wins Civil War and marches on
Rome
1084-Henry conquers Rome, Gregory flees
1105-Henry forced to abdicate as
continued support for Clement III
weakens his rule
Concordat of Worms
• Struggle between Henry and Gregory known as
Investiture Controversy
• New king of Germany and Pope agree upon
Concordat of Worms
– Bishop in Germany was elected by Church officals
– Bishop paid homage to King as his lord
Pope Innocent III
• Church reaches the height of it’s power.
• In 1198 he used interdicts to force rulers to
obey him by cutting their people off from the
sacraments.
– Interdicts
a decree by the pope that forbade
priests to give the sacraments of the Church to the
people
– Deprived of the comforts of religion
New Religious Orders (1200s)
• Franciscan Monks
poverty and simplicity
• Dominicans
eliminate
heresy
– Examiners of people
suspected of heresy during
the Inquisition
• Saints came to be seen as
people with a special
position heaven (i.e. Mary)
Spanish Inquisition
The Plague
• Most devastating natural
disaster in European
history.
– Brought by merchants.
– Began in Sicily and spread
throughout Europe.
– 1/3 population dies
– Jews thought to be the
culprit
– Ultimately led to the
Renaissance.
Hundred Years’ War
• England had control of northern France
• King Philip VI takes it in 1337.
• Battles at Crecy and Agincourt were British
victories.
• French peasant named Joan of Arc leads
French army to capture Orleans.
– Caught by English and killed as a heretic.
• French ultimately victorious in 1453.
New Monarchies
• Reestablishment of monarchs power.
• England
– Wars of the Roses – fought by nobles to control the
monarchy.
– Henry Tudor establishes new dynasty in 1485.
• France
– King Louis XI strengthened the use of the taille - a land tax
– Promoted industry and commerce.
• Spain
– Collection of Christian and Muslim kingdoms.
– Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon
• Marry and unite the country under Christianity allowing Muslims to
either convert or leave.