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Chapter 11
Lesson I Power of the Church
-Between 800 and 1300, almost all people of Europe were Christian
-Led by the Pope in Rome
-Clergy were members of the church
1) Priest ran local church
2) Bishop led diocese, many churches together
3) Archbishops ran provinces or archdiocese
4) Cardinals were 2nd in command top pope, counseled, elected new popes
5) Pope ran the whole church
-Christians could save themselves, gain salvation through donations
-By 1050, church was largest landowner in Europe
-Clergy were the only people in society who were literate
-One example was Abbot Suger-worked with Louis VI of France
-He allowed Louis to carry banner of monetary into battle against Henry of Germany
-He ran France while the king was on crusade in 1147-1149
POWER STRUGGLE OF POPE AND KINGS
-kings and nobles could select bishops in 800’s selling position to the highest bier
-Many people lost respect for the church
-Pope Hildebrand became pope in 1073 and was Gregory VII
-In 1015, he said king was ahead of Pope
-Henry VI disagreed and was excommunicated
-This went on until 1122 when representatives of kings and pope met in Worms and created
Concordat of Worms in which Pope selected church leaders
DAILY LIFE
-people lived a moral life for salvation
-Paid 1/10 of production of land to church called a tithe-money, food or labor
-Church was center of daily life
-Gathered in church or on front steps
-Holidays provided breaks from work
-Provided community feel but excluded Jews
-New orders-religious communities emerged such as the Franciscans, lead by St, Francis of Assisi
-Education grew in 1100 as Muslims set up schools and Europeans learned about the Greek
writing through Islamic writing
-Universities were guilds of students and teachers, replaced monasteries as learning centers in
1200’s
ART
-In addition o beautiful painting came cathedrals with Gothic design featuring ribbed arches,
pointed ceilings, buttresses which supported the structure
-Featured sculptures and stained glass windows
Lesson 2 Byzantine Empire
-Constantinople was the center of stern Roman Empire
-In 300’s, Theodosius made Christianity religion of Rome
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Split empire in 395, split permanently in 476 by Goths
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-Byzantine emperor ruled politics and religion in Eastern Roman Empire-Constantinople
was trade center generating large amounts of money from Africa and Arabia
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-By 1000, 1 million lived in Constantinople
Daily Life
1) Craftspeople/traders were heavily taxed and live din city
2) Most people, except for gov. officials and merchants were poor
-Women had few rights
-More people were literate as Eastern Roman Empire had schools, read classics from Homer,
Plato
EASTERN CHURCH
-emperor was head of church and state where patriarch was bishop of Constantinople
-Byzantine Church had more discussions and conducted mass in Greek
-Churches were plainer than the west, but had many murals, tiles and icons-flat images of Jesus,
etc.
-Icons were used in religious processions
-In 726, Emperor Leo III said icons were used too much, while Pope Gregory II said no
-The pope made Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor in 800 to protect himself against Leo III
-This angered Byzantines
-Eastern patriarch Cerularius closed churches that celebrated by western means
-Pope Leo IX of West excommunicated him
-This was a schism-split into Western Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church
-Built a strong empire
-Turks attacked in 10170 from Turkestan in Central Asia
-Seljuk beats Byzantines
-New capital of Nicaea in 1081
-1095; Byzantine emperor sent message to pope Urban II
-Ruler of the East had excommunicated Pope
-Now asking for help from the West to defend Constantinople against Turkish invaders
Lesson III Crusades
-Pope Urban II called for Holy War in 1095
-1st crusade to free holy land from Muslims
-1096-1270, Crusades “took up he cross”
1) Byzantine Empire needed help against the Turks
2) Free holy land from Muslim infidels-those who do not believe in Christianity who
prevented Christians from visiting Holy land
-Knights fought with peasants and peasants fought because
1) Immediate salvation if you die
2) Freedom from bonds if you fight
-March to Constantinople to Nicaea across Turkey
-Set up small outposts called “states”, run like feudal territories
-Reached Jerusalem in 1099, controlled it, but it was only 5000 long by 50 feet wide
Muslims take it back in 1140’s, Muslims came back, so 2nd crusade from 1147-1149
-Louis VII of France and Conrad of Germany fought among themselves
-Saladin led Muslims, ran Syria and Egypt by 1181
-July 1187, Saladin took Tiberius and fought crusaders
-Crusaders camped near Horns of Hattin; Muslims surrounded them, set fire and killed crusaders
-Saladin then retook Jerusalem
-Pope Greg VIII called for 3rd Crusade led by 3 kings
-Frederick I of Germany, Richard the Lion Heart of England and Philip II of France
-Started in 1189, but Frederick drowned
-Richard and Saladin fought for and signed a 5 year treaty of peace in 1192
-Pope Innocent III called for 4th crusade in 1198
-Venetian bankers gave ships and supplies to Crusaders attacking by Mediterranean Sea
-They stile from Constantinople, burned libraries, stole valuables
-Crusades now replaced by desire for wealth, greed
-Jerusalem stayed in Muslim control
-Persecuted Jews, Byzantine people lost respect
-However, they interacted with the West and brought classics back to West
-Venice and Genoa in Italy became successful cities
-Crusaders learned ne maps, better ships, better compasses which led to exploration of New
World