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Name_____________________________ Per ____ Biology I Final Exam Study Guide Chapter 3 1. What is ecology? ____________________________________________________________________ (p. 65, Key Point) 2. What are the he levels of organization within the biosphere from smallest to largest? (p. 64-65) _______________, _________________, _________________, _________________, ___________________, __________________ What is the lowest level that includes both biotic & abiotic factors? _____________________ 3. An organism that produces its own food from inorganic compounds is called a _____________ or a(n) ______________ _______________ (p. 69) Organisms that must eat other organisms for food are called _________________ or ___________________. (p. 71) 4. In the diagram to the right, what is the primary producer? ___________ How many trophic levels are displayed in the diagram? ____ What is another name for the organism at the 2nd trophic level in the above diagram? __________________ (p. 76 - 77) 5. How do most primary producers make their own food? _________________ (process, p. 70) which converts __________ into ____________________. What level consumer is a hawk that ate a snake that ate a mouse that ate seeds? ___________________ 6. What kind of organisms break down dead or decaying plants and animals? (p. 74 fig. 3-8)) ____________________ 7. How much energy (percent) is passed from one trophic level to the next? (p. 77 fig 3-11) _____ What is the energy used for by the organism? _________________ Energy not used for life processes is released as _________ and cannot be captured by the next trophic level. 8. What are 3 types of ecological pyramids? (p. 77-78) ___________________, __________________, & ________________ What type of pyramid would be used to show the amount of living tissue at each trophic level in an ecosystem? __________________ What type of units might be used on this type of pyramid? ________________ 9. Between energy and nutrients, which one can be recycled? (p. 79) _______________ 10. The movement of ______________ through the ecosystem occurs in one direction, while ______________ can move in cycles called __________________________ cycles. (p. 79-80) 11. What human activity will cause carbon dioxide (CO2) to be released to the atmosphere? (p. 80) ______________________________________ 12. Nitrogen gas (N2) is converted to nitrogen compounds like nitrates & nitrites by ______________________________ bacteria, while the ____________________________ bacteria convert nitrogen compounds back into nitrogen gas. (p. 84) 13. A ___________________ nutrient, when scarce or moves through a cycle very slowly, will cause the primary productivity to decrease. (p. 85) 1 Name_____________________________ Per ____ Chapter 4 1. Living components of an ecosystem are called ______________ factors, while non-living components are called _____________ factors. (p. 66 or notes) 2. Ecosystems are influenced by a combination of ____________ & ___________ factors. (p. 66) Give an example of a biotic factor in pond ecosystem: __________ An abiotic factor in a pond ecosystem? _____________ 3. The full range of physical & biological conditions in which an organism lives AND the way in which the organism uses those conditions are the organism’s _________________. (p. 100) 4. If several species occupy the same habitat, how can they reduce competition? (p. 101, Fig 4-7 ) _________________________________________________ 5. A relationship in which 2 species live closely together is called _______________ (p. 103) What type of symbiotic relationship occurs in the following: (p. 103-104) 6. When one organisms live on or inside another organism and causes harm? __________________________ (p. 104) 7. When both species benefit? __________________________ (p. 103) 8. One member benefits and the other is neither harmed or helped? ____________________(p. 104) 9. A series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time that are caused by human disturbances or natural disasters is called ___________________________________ (p. 106) 10. List two types of succession & an example of each: (pg. 106-107) ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 11. Chapter 5 1. A population may grow as a result of individuals moving into a range & is called ______________, while it may decrease if individuals exit the range, which is known as ________________. (p. 132) 2. Label each of the population growth curves below. (p. 133-134) Figure 5-4 i. Figure 5-5 2. In Figure 5-4 above, what segment(s) of the graph shows exponential growth? _________ Which segment(s) show the effects of limiting factors on the population? ____________ Which segment(s) of the graph show that carrying capacity has been reached? ___________ Birthrate equals death rate? __________ 2 Name_____________________________ Per ____ 3. The maximum # of individuals of a species that can be supported by an environment is called the ________________ ________________. (p. 135) What happens to birth & death rates of a population that exceeds this?____________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________ 4. A limiting factor that depends on population size is called a _______________________________________ limiting factor & examples include _____________, _______________, ___________________ and _______________. (p. 138) 5. Limiting factors that affect all populations regardless of size are called _________________________-_________________________. (p. 140) Examples include____________________, _______________________, ___________________ (p. 140) 6. The study of human populations is called ________________________. (p. 142) What event caused the human population to experience exponential growth? ____________________________ (p. 143, Fig. 5-11) Chapter 6 1. Resources that can regenerate if they are alive or can be replenished by natural processes are called __________________ resources. Examples include ________________ & _______________ (p. 157) Resources that cannot be replenished by natural processes are called __________________________ resources. Examples include _________________ & ___________________. (p. 157) 2. Certain pollutants in smog, specifically nitrogen and sulfur compounds, combine with water to form ___________________________. (p. 164 ) 3. The sum total of the genetically based variety of all organisms in the biosphere is called _____________________________ (p. 166) and it is threatened by ________________________________, _______________________________, & _________________________________________ (p. 168-170) 4. The pesticide DDT has two properties that make it hazardous. First, it is __________________________________, or cannot be broken down by metabolic processes in bacteria, plants, or animals (p. 161). Second, when it is picked up by organisms, it is not eliminated resulting in DDT becoming concentrated at higher trophic levels. This is called _______________________________. (p. 161) In the figure below, which organism would have the lowest concentration of DDT? ________________ the highest? ________________ (p. 161) 3 Name_____________________________ Per ____ 5. A species that enters an environment where it has not lived before is called an _________________/_______________________ species often reproduce rapidly. Give an examples: ____________________, _______________________ (pg. 169) 6. Many habitats & species that are at high risk of extinction are located in areas known as ______________________________________ (p. 171) 7. Ozone is a gas made up of three ___________________ atoms. The major cause of ozone depletion is _____________________________________ (p. 175) 8. What activities release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and may lead to global warming? ____________________________________ & ______________________________________________ (p. 177) Chapter 11: 1. If true-breeding tall plants are crossed with true-breeding short plants, what is the phenotype of the F1 offspring? (p. 311)__________ Why were there no short plants? (p. 312) _______________________________________________________ Which of Mendel’s principles support this? (p. 312) _________________________________________ 2. Chemical factors that determine traits are called _____________. (p. 310) 3. Physical characteristics of an organism’s trait are described as their __________________ while the genetic makeup of an organism’s trait is their ____________________. (p. 315) 4. When an organism has two identical alleles for a trait, they are said to be ________________________, while having two different alleles is said to be _________________________. (p. 314) 5. With Mendel’s 2-factor cross (dihybrid) of two true-breeding plants, what was the phenotype ratio when the F1 generation were allowed to crosses with each other? (p. 317) _____________ 6. Which of Mendel’s principles states that during gamete formation, genes for different traits separate without influencing each other’s inheritance? _________________________________________________________ (page 317) 7. Incomplete dominance is a case in which one __________ is not completely dominant over another creating a heterozygous phenotype that is somewhere between the 2 homozygous phenotypes (p. 319) Example: red flower crossed with white flower produces _________ flowers. 8. In codominance, a white-feathered chicken is crossed with a black-feathered chicken. What feather color with the heterozygous chickens have? (p. 319) __________________ 9. In order to maintain the chromosome number of an organism, the gametes must be produced by what process?(p. 324) ________________ The purpose of meiosis is to produce (haploid/diploid) gamete or sex cells. 10. What process does the diagram above represent? __________________________(p. 324) 4 Name_____________________________ Per ____ Chapter 14: 1. What does the figure below represent? (p. 392) _______________________ 2. How many chromosomes does a normal human karyotype have? (p. 393) ____________ 3. Can you tell the person’s gender by looking at a karyotype? _______ The pairs of chromosomes shown on a karyotype are called __________________ chromosomes. Pairs 1-22 are called the ______________ while pair #23 are called the ___________ chromosomes. (p. 393) 4. What is the genotype of a human male? XX, XY, YY Genotype of a female? XX, XY, YY 5. Of the sperm produced by meiosis, about how many will carry the X chromosome? (p. 393) ________ the Y chromosome? ___________ 6. A chart that traces inheritance of a trait in a family is called a(n) ______________ _______________ (p. 397) Circles represent _________ & squares represent ____________. 7. The pedigree shows the inheritance of free earlobes and attached earlobes in five generations of a family. Attached earlobes are caused by a recessive allele (f). What is the genotype of individual #2? ______ What are the genotypes of # 8? _____ #9? ______ 8. What human trait is determined by multiple alleles? (p. 394) _____________________ 9. Most sex-linked genes are found on the _____ chromosome (p. 395). What is the genotype of a colorblind male? ____________ Colorblind female? _________ (Ch 14 notes/worksheets) 10. The Barr body inactivates one ____ chromosome in females/males. This X-chromsomsome inactivation was discovered by _________________ .(p. 396) 11. The most common error in meiosis, pictured below, called _________________________ occurs when homologous chromosome fail to separate (p. 401). 5 Name_____________________________ Per ____ Chapter 16: 1. Who most contributed to our understanding of evolution? (p. 450)_____________________ Darwin noticed that organisms seemed well suited to __________________________________ (p. 451 Key Point) 2. Among the finches, what structural adaptation differed the most among the birds? (p. 472, Fig 1617)____________ Because the finches had many similar physical characteristics, Darwin believed that they descended from a _______________________. (p. 471 last sentence.) 3. What 2 geologists suggested to Darwin that the Earth was old enough for evolution to have occurred? ______________________ & ______________________ (p. 454-455) 4. Lamarck suggested that organism could change during their lifetime by ___________________________________________________________________________. (Key Point, p 456) 5. Who proposed a theory of evolution by means of selective use and disuse? (p. 456) _____________________________ Can an acquired trait be passed onto an organism’s offspring? (p. 456)_______ What was the name of Darwin’s book & when was it first published? (p. 379)_______________________________________________________________ 6. When breeders or farmers select the desired traits that already exist and breed only those organisms, it is called ____________________________ (p. 457-458). 7. While the ability to survive and reproduce is known as ____________, an _______________ is any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chances of survival. (p. 461) 8. The process in which results in the change of inherited characteristics of a population is known as ______________________, or survival of the ____________. (p. 463) 9. The fossil record shows a similarity between the bone structure of ancient organisms and modernday organisms. How would Darwin apply this to his theory of evolution? (p. 453) _______________________________________ 10. What type of structure (as seen in the diagram below) has different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissue? (p. 468) _______________________________________ 6 Name_____________________________ Per ____ 11. How are homologous structures relevant to Darwin’s theory of evolution? __________________________________________________________ (P. 468, Key Point) 12. What does the pelvis & femur represent in the whale’s skeleton in the picture below? (p. 469) _________________ _____________________. 13. An organ that serves no useful function and reduced in size is called a _______________ organ. (p. 469) How does this relate to Darwin’s theory of evolution? _____________________________________________________ 14. Modern evidence for evolution by natural selection is supported by the universal _____________ ________ and homologous molecules. (Key Point , p. 470) 15. Genes that control early embryonic development are called __________________ (p. 382) Chapter 17: 1. The ________ __________ consists of all of the genes present in a population. (p. 483) 2. Three sources of genetic variation are ______________, ________________________________________________, & _______________________________. (p. 484, Key Point) 3. Natural selection acts directly on an organism’s physical characteristics or _______________. (p. 485,483) 4. Genetic recombination by sexual reproduction is a result of what two processes? ___________________________ & _______________________ (p. 484) 5. Single-gene traits result in ____ phenotypes (p. 485, Fig 17-4) while polygenic traits result in ______ phenotypes. 9p. 486) 6. What kind of selection is pictured below & name the part of the curve that are the best fit: (p. 489) ____________________________ _____________________ _______________________ 7. When allele frequencies in a population occur due to chance, this random change is called __________________________. (p. 490) 7 Name_____________________________ Per ____ 8. The separation of species by physical barriers like the Grand Canyon is called ________________ _____________ (p. 495), & when two species reproduce at different times, this situation is known as ______________________ (p. 495) 9. What must occur in order for two separate species to form from an original population? ___________________________ (p. 494 Key Point) Chapter 19-3: 1. The first organisms thought to have evolved on Earth were thought to be anaerobic __________________ and were found in microscopic fossils called _____________________. (p. 555) 2. The ___________________________ theory proposed that eukaryotic cells evolved from living communities of ___________________ organisms. (p. 556) Aerobic bacteria were thought to have evolved into the ___________________(organelle) and photosynthetic bacteria were thought to have evolved into ____________________ (organelle). (P. 557, Fig 19-18) The endosymbiotic theory also explains why ________ found in the mitochondrion & chloroplasts resembles that of bacterial genetic information. (p. 557) 8