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Biology I Final Exam Study Guide
Chapter 3
1. What is ecology?
____________________________________________________________________ (p. 65, Key
Point)
2. What are the he levels of organization within the biosphere from smallest to largest? (p. 64-65)
_______________, _________________, _________________, _________________,
___________________, __________________ What is the lowest level that includes both biotic &
abiotic factors? _____________________
3. An organism that produces its own food from inorganic compounds is called a _____________ or
a(n) ______________ _______________ (p. 69) Organisms that must eat other organisms for food
are called _________________ or ___________________. (p. 71)
4. In the diagram to the right, what is the primary producer?
___________ How many trophic levels are displayed in the
diagram? ____ What is another name for the organism at the 2nd
trophic level in the above diagram? __________________ (p. 76
- 77)
5. How do most primary producers make their own food?
_________________ (process, p. 70) which converts
__________ into ____________________. What level consumer
is a hawk that ate a snake that ate a mouse that ate seeds?
___________________
6. What kind of organisms break down dead or decaying plants and
animals? (p. 74 fig. 3-8)) ____________________
7. How much energy (percent) is passed from one trophic level to
the next? (p. 77 fig 3-11) _____ What is the energy used for by
the organism? _________________ Energy not used for life
processes is released as _________ and cannot be captured by
the next trophic level.
8. What are 3 types of ecological pyramids? (p. 77-78)
___________________, __________________, & ________________ What type of pyramid
would be used to show the amount of living tissue at each trophic level in an ecosystem?
__________________ What type of units might be used on this type of pyramid?
________________
9. Between energy and nutrients, which one can be recycled? (p. 79) _______________
10. The movement of ______________ through the ecosystem occurs in one direction, while
______________ can move in cycles called __________________________ cycles. (p. 79-80)
11. What human activity will cause carbon dioxide (CO2) to be released to the atmosphere? (p. 80)
______________________________________
12. Nitrogen gas (N2) is converted to nitrogen compounds like nitrates & nitrites by
______________________________ bacteria, while the ____________________________
bacteria convert nitrogen compounds back into nitrogen gas. (p. 84)
13. A ___________________ nutrient, when scarce or moves through a cycle very slowly, will cause
the primary productivity to decrease. (p. 85)
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Chapter 4
1. Living components of an ecosystem are called ______________ factors, while non-living
components are called _____________ factors. (p. 66 or notes)
2. Ecosystems are influenced by a combination of ____________ & ___________ factors. (p. 66)
Give an example of a biotic factor in pond ecosystem: __________ An abiotic factor in a pond
ecosystem? _____________
3. The full range of physical & biological conditions in which an organism lives AND the way in
which the organism uses those conditions are the organism’s _________________. (p. 100)
4. If several species occupy the same habitat, how can they reduce competition? (p. 101, Fig 4-7 )
_________________________________________________
5. A relationship in which 2 species live closely together is called _______________ (p. 103) What
type of symbiotic relationship occurs in the following: (p. 103-104)
6. When one organisms live on or inside another organism and causes harm?
__________________________ (p. 104)
7. When both species benefit? __________________________ (p. 103)
8. One member benefits and the other is neither harmed or helped? ____________________(p. 104)
9. A series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time that are caused by human
disturbances or natural disasters is called ___________________________________ (p. 106)
10. List two types of succession & an example of each: (pg. 106-107)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
11.
Chapter 5
1. A population may grow as a result of individuals moving into a range & is called ______________,
while it may decrease if individuals exit the range, which is known as ________________. (p. 132)
2. Label each of the population growth curves below. (p. 133-134)
Figure 5-4
i. Figure 5-5
2. In Figure 5-4 above, what segment(s) of the graph shows exponential growth? _________ Which
segment(s) show the effects of limiting factors on the population? ____________ Which
segment(s) of the graph show that carrying capacity has been reached? ___________ Birthrate
equals death rate? __________
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3. The maximum # of individuals of a species that can be supported by an environment is called the
________________ ________________. (p. 135) What happens to birth & death rates of a
population that exceeds
this?____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________
4. A limiting factor that depends on population size is called a _______________________________________ limiting factor & examples include _____________, _______________,
___________________ and _______________. (p. 138)
5. Limiting factors that affect all populations regardless of size are called
_________________________-_________________________. (p. 140) Examples
include____________________, _______________________, ___________________ (p. 140)
6. The study of human populations is called ________________________. (p. 142) What event
caused the human population to experience exponential growth? ____________________________
(p. 143, Fig. 5-11)
Chapter 6
1. Resources that can regenerate if they are alive or can be replenished by natural processes are called
__________________ resources. Examples include ________________ & _______________ (p.
157) Resources that cannot be replenished by natural processes are called
__________________________ resources. Examples include _________________ &
___________________. (p. 157)
2. Certain pollutants in smog, specifically nitrogen and sulfur compounds, combine with water to form
___________________________. (p. 164 )
3. The sum total of the genetically based variety of all organisms in the biosphere is called
_____________________________ (p. 166) and it is threatened by
________________________________, _______________________________, &
_________________________________________ (p. 168-170)
4. The pesticide DDT has two properties that make it hazardous. First, it is
__________________________________, or cannot be broken down by metabolic processes in
bacteria, plants, or animals (p. 161). Second, when it is picked up by organisms, it is not eliminated
resulting in DDT becoming concentrated at higher trophic levels. This is called
_______________________________. (p. 161) In the figure below, which organism would have
the lowest concentration of DDT? ________________ the highest? ________________ (p. 161)
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Name_____________________________ Per ____
5. A species that enters an environment where it has not lived before is called an
_________________/_______________________ species often reproduce rapidly. Give an
examples: ____________________, _______________________ (pg. 169)
6. Many habitats & species that are at high risk of extinction are located in areas known as
______________________________________ (p. 171)
7. Ozone is a gas made up of three ___________________ atoms. The major cause of ozone
depletion is _____________________________________ (p. 175)
8. What activities release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and may lead to global warming?
____________________________________ &
______________________________________________ (p. 177)
Chapter 11:
1. If true-breeding tall plants are crossed with true-breeding short plants, what is the phenotype of
the F1 offspring? (p. 311)__________ Why were there no short plants? (p. 312)
_______________________________________________________ Which of Mendel’s
principles support this? (p. 312) _________________________________________
2. Chemical factors that determine traits are called _____________. (p. 310)
3. Physical characteristics of an organism’s trait are described as their __________________ while
the genetic makeup of an organism’s trait is their ____________________. (p. 315)
4. When an organism has two identical alleles for a trait, they are said to be
________________________, while having two different alleles is said to be
_________________________. (p. 314)
5. With Mendel’s 2-factor cross (dihybrid) of two true-breeding plants, what was the phenotype
ratio when the F1 generation were allowed to crosses with each other? (p. 317) _____________
6. Which of Mendel’s principles states that during gamete formation, genes for different traits
separate without influencing each other’s inheritance?
_________________________________________________________ (page 317)
7. Incomplete dominance is a case in which one __________ is not completely dominant over
another creating a heterozygous phenotype that is somewhere between the 2 homozygous
phenotypes (p. 319) Example: red flower crossed with white flower produces _________
flowers.
8. In codominance, a white-feathered chicken is crossed with a black-feathered chicken. What
feather color with the heterozygous chickens have? (p. 319) __________________
9. In order to maintain the chromosome number of an organism, the gametes must be produced by
what process?(p. 324) ________________ The purpose of meiosis is to produce
(haploid/diploid) gamete or sex cells.
10. What process does the diagram above represent? __________________________(p. 324)
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Chapter 14:
1. What does the figure below represent? (p. 392) _______________________
2. How many chromosomes does a normal human karyotype have? (p. 393) ____________
3. Can you tell the person’s gender by looking at a karyotype? _______ The pairs of chromosomes shown
on a karyotype are called __________________ chromosomes. Pairs 1-22 are called the
______________ while pair #23 are called the ___________ chromosomes. (p. 393)
4. What is the genotype of a human male? XX, XY, YY Genotype of a female? XX, XY, YY
5. Of the sperm produced by meiosis, about how many will carry the X chromosome? (p. 393) ________
the Y chromosome? ___________
6. A chart that traces inheritance of a trait in a family is called a(n) ______________
_______________ (p. 397) Circles represent _________ & squares represent ____________.
7. The pedigree shows the inheritance of free earlobes and attached earlobes in five generations of a family.
Attached earlobes are caused by a recessive allele (f). What is the genotype of individual #2? ______
What are the genotypes of # 8? _____ #9? ______
8. What human trait is determined by multiple alleles? (p. 394) _____________________
9. Most sex-linked genes are found on the _____ chromosome (p. 395). What is the genotype of a
colorblind male? ____________ Colorblind female? _________ (Ch 14 notes/worksheets)
10. The Barr body inactivates one ____ chromosome in females/males. This X-chromsomsome
inactivation was discovered by _________________ .(p. 396)
11. The most common error in meiosis, pictured below, called _________________________
occurs when homologous chromosome fail to separate (p. 401).
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Name_____________________________ Per ____
Chapter 16:
1. Who most contributed to our understanding of evolution? (p. 450)_____________________ Darwin
noticed that organisms seemed well suited to __________________________________ (p. 451
Key Point)
2. Among the finches, what structural adaptation differed the most among the birds? (p. 472, Fig 1617)____________ Because the finches had many similar physical characteristics, Darwin believed
that they descended from a _______________________. (p. 471 last sentence.)
3. What 2 geologists suggested to Darwin that the Earth was old enough for evolution to have
occurred? ______________________ & ______________________ (p. 454-455)
4. Lamarck suggested that organism could change during their lifetime by
___________________________________________________________________________. (Key
Point, p 456)
5. Who proposed a theory of evolution by means of selective use and disuse? (p. 456)
_____________________________ Can an acquired trait be passed onto an organism’s offspring?
(p. 456)_______ What was the name of Darwin’s book & when was it first published? (p.
379)_______________________________________________________________
6. When breeders or farmers select the desired traits that already exist and breed only those organisms,
it is called ____________________________ (p. 457-458).
7. While the ability to survive and reproduce is known as ____________, an _______________ is any
inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chances of survival. (p. 461)
8. The process in which results in the change of inherited characteristics of a population is known as
______________________, or survival of the ____________. (p. 463)
9. The fossil record shows a similarity between the bone structure of ancient organisms and modernday organisms. How would Darwin apply this to his theory of evolution? (p. 453)
_______________________________________
10. What type of structure (as seen in the diagram below) has different mature forms but develop from
the same embryonic tissue? (p. 468) _______________________________________
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11. How are homologous structures relevant to Darwin’s theory of evolution?
__________________________________________________________ (P. 468, Key Point)
12. What does the pelvis & femur represent in the whale’s skeleton in the picture below? (p. 469)
_________________ _____________________.
13. An organ that serves no useful function and reduced in size is called a _______________ organ. (p.
469) How does this relate to Darwin’s theory of evolution?
_____________________________________________________
14. Modern evidence for evolution by natural selection is supported by the universal _____________
________ and homologous molecules. (Key Point , p. 470)
15. Genes that control early embryonic development are called __________________ (p. 382)
Chapter 17:
1. The ________ __________ consists of all of the genes present in a population. (p. 483)
2. Three sources of genetic variation are ______________,
________________________________________________, &
_______________________________. (p. 484, Key Point)
3. Natural selection acts directly on an organism’s physical characteristics or _______________. (p.
485,483)
4. Genetic recombination by sexual reproduction is a result of what two processes?
___________________________ & _______________________ (p. 484)
5. Single-gene traits result in ____ phenotypes (p. 485, Fig 17-4) while polygenic traits result in
______ phenotypes. 9p. 486)
6. What kind of selection is pictured below & name the part of the curve that are the best fit: (p. 489)
____________________________
_____________________
_______________________
7. When allele frequencies in a population occur due to chance, this random change is called
__________________________. (p. 490)
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8. The separation of species by physical barriers like the Grand Canyon is called ________________
_____________ (p. 495), & when two species reproduce at different times, this situation is known
as ______________________ (p. 495)
9. What must occur in order for two separate species to form from an original population?
___________________________ (p. 494 Key Point)
Chapter 19-3:
1. The first organisms thought to have evolved on Earth were thought to be anaerobic
__________________ and were found in microscopic fossils called _____________________. (p.
555)
2. The ___________________________ theory proposed that eukaryotic cells evolved from living
communities of ___________________ organisms. (p. 556) Aerobic bacteria were thought to have
evolved into the ___________________(organelle) and photosynthetic bacteria were thought to
have evolved into ____________________ (organelle). (P. 557, Fig 19-18) The endosymbiotic
theory also explains why ________ found in the mitochondrion & chloroplasts resembles that of
bacterial genetic information. (p. 557)
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