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Plant Classification copyright cmassengale Life on Land – Adaptations! Problem • Drying Out • Making Food • Reproduction • Gravity & Support • Getting water & nutrients Solution • Waxy cuticle, stomata • Formed leaves • Develops spores & seeds • Bark (cork) & vessels; cell walls (cellulose) • Roots & vessels Classification • VASCULAR: have tube-like structures that carry water, nutrients, and other substances through the plant • NONVASCULAR: do not have these tube-like structures and use other ways to move water and substances • Binomial Nomenclature: two word system of naming things, e.g., Quercus alba = white oak Seedless Nonvascular Plants • Don’t grow from seeds; just a few cells thick and only 2 to 5 cm in height; no flowers or cones ~ reproduce by spores – Mosses -Liverworts -Hornworts Nonvascular Plants and the Environment • Pioneer species: first organisms to grow in new or disturbed areas – As pioneer plant species grow and die, decaying material builds up; this, along with the slow breakdown of rocks, builds soil ~ as a result, other organisms can move into the area! Non-Vascular Plants • Human use – – – – – – Bedding Packing material Decorations Medicines Fuel Popular houseplants • Ecological importance – First species to colonize surfaces during primary succession – Maintain humidity levels in bogs and forests – Rhizoids prevent soil runoff after rains Seedless Vascular Plants • Reproduce by spores • Have long, tube-like cells that carry water, minerals, and food to cells throughout the plant – Can grow bigger and thicker because of this – 1,000 species of fern, ground pine, and spike mosses; 12,000 species of ferns! FERN GROUND PINE SPIKE MOSS HORSETAIL Vascular Tissue • Xylem: hollow, tubular cells stacked one on top of the other to form a structure called a vessel; transport water and dissolved substances • Phloem: tubular cells that are stacked to form structures called tubes; move food from where it is made to other parts of the plant where it is used or stored Seedless Vascular Plants • Specialized transport tissues Club Moss – Xylem – transports water – Phloem – transports organic material • Roots, stems, leaves are possible • Reproduce using spores • Ferns, whisk ferns, club mosses, and horsetails Horsetail Seedless Vascular Plants • Role in ecosystems – Grow in shady, moist areas – Provide thick ground cover beneath trees • Used as shelter and food by other organisms • Human use – Decorations – Favorite landscape plant – Young, curled leaves harvested for food – Horsetails used as scouring tool Seed Plants • Have leaves, roots, stems, and vascular tissue; produce seeds • Gymnosperms and Angiosperms • Leaf made up of different layers of cells – – – – Waxy cuticle Epidermis (Stomata surrounded by guard cells) Palisade layer – most food produced here Spongy layer – veins containing vascular tissue found here – Lower Epidermis Gymnosperms • Oldest trees alive • Produce seeds not protected by fruit; “naked seeds”; do not have flowers • Leaves needle-like or scale-like • Four divisions: – Coniferophyta: conifers-pines, firs, spruces, redwoods, junipers – Cycads – Gingkoes – Gnetophytes Some Products from Gymnosperms • Lumber, paper, soap, varnish, paints, waxes, perfumes, edible pine nuts, medicines Angiosperms • Vascular plant that flowers and has a fruit that contains one or more seeds • 80% of plant species – Monocots – one cotyledon used for food storage, e.g., corn, rice, wheat, barley, lilies, orchids, grass – Dicots – two cotyledons; shade trees, fruit trees; petunias; geraniums; snapdragons As plants mature, monocots and dicots show several differences in their external structures. Monocots vs. Dicots 9.1.2 9.1.2 Monocots vs Dicots 9.1.2 Monocotyledon – Banana Tree 9.1.2 Monocotyledons Lilies Irises 9.1.2 Dicotyledons most trees & shrubs 9.1.2 Life Cycles of Angiosperms • Biennials: complete their life cycles within two years • Annuals: complete their life cycles in one year • Perennials: take more than two years to grow to maturity Some Products from Angiosperms • Foods, sugar, chocolate, cotton cloth, linen, rubber, vegetable oils, perfumes, medicines, cinnamon, flavorings (toothpaste, chewing gum, candy, etc.), dyes, lumber • FLOWER PARTS • SMARTBOARD REVIEW copyright cmassengale copyright cmassengale copyright cmassengale copyright cmassengale
