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CELLS AND
SYSTEMS
CELLS: THE BASIS OF LIFE!
All living things are made of CELLS!!!!!
 CELLS are the smallest and most basic unit of
life.
 CELLS are so small that they cannot be seen
with the human eye!

The eye is made of
CELLS!!!!
THE WORLD OF CELLS REVEALS ITSELF
It was the invention of the microscope that made
it possible for us to see the CELL
 Anton van Leeuwenhoek developed the first
microscope.

MICROSCOPES TODAY
Today advancements have led to the development
of modern compound light microscopes.
 The best light microscopes can magnify objects as
small as 2000x. This though still is not good
enough to see the inside of a CELL

To see inside a CELL we need to use an electron
microscope
 Electron microscopes use beams of electrons to
create an image of the CELL parts
 In 1938 the first practical electron microscope
was developed by two CANADIANS

James Hillier
Albert Prebus
COMPARISON OF LIGHT VS. ELECTRON
MICROSCOPES



Electron microscopes reveal many organelles
that are impossible to resolve with Light
microscopes
Electron microscopes slide preparations kill the
CELLS
Light microscope slides allow you to observe live
CELLS
EYEPIECE
Contains the OCULAR lens
PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE
EYEPIECE
NOSEPIECE
can be rotated to
change MAGNIFICATION.
Arm
Used to support the microscope
when you carry it
OBJECTIVE LENSES
STAGE
Stage Clips
DIAPHRAGM
Regulates the amount of LIGHT on the
specimen
LIGHT SOURCE
Projects light UPWARDS
COARSE
ADJUSTMENT KNOB
Moves the stage up and down
for FOCUSING
FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
Moves the stage slightly to SHARPEN
the image
BASE
Supports the MICROSCOPE
PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE


Nosepiece: can be rotated to change
MAGNIFICATION
DIAPHRAGM :Regulates the amount of LIGHT
on the specimen

LIGHT SOURCE :Projects light UPWARDS

EYEPIECE :Contains the OCULAR lens

Arm :Used to support the microscope when you
carry it
PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE
 COARSE
ADJUSTMENT KNOB :Moves
the stage up and down for FOCUSING
 FINE
ADJUSTMENT KNOB: Moves
the stage slightly to SHARPEN the image

BASE :Supports the MICROSCOPE
About the same time Robert Hooke was
experimenting with a microscope that he built.
 Hooke took a piece of tree bark and saw that it
was made of a network of tiny box like
compartments that reminded him of
honeycomb.
 He described these little boxes as “cellulae”
which means little rooms. This is where the
word CELL comes from
 He was also the first to state that the CELL is
the basic unit of life

CELLS IN ALL LIVING THINGS


Matthias Schleiden indicated that plants were
made up of CELLS
Theodor Schwann indicated that animals are
made up of CELLS
CELL THEORY
Many scientists contributed to the CELL Theory
 The CELL Theory states:

Every organism is made up of CELLS
 CELLS are the basic units of structure and function in all
organisms
 Pre-existing CELLS create new CELLS

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION IN ORGANISMS

Cell:

Tissue:

Organ:

Organ System:

Organism:
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
1)CELL: basic unit of life
Simplest collection of matter that can live
 Complex organisms such as plants and animals are
multicellular; their bodies are cooperatives of many
kinds of specialized cells


All cells are related by their descent from earlier
cells, but have been modified in various ways.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
2) Tissue: a group of specialized cells
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
3) Organ: a group of tissues that perform a special
function
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

4) Organ System: A group of organs that are
specialized to perform a specific task.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
5) Organism: All living things
SUMMARY OF ORGANIZATION
CELL
Organism
CELLS AND LIVING THINGS

Organisms can be grouped by how many cells
they are made up of:

Unicellular: composed of one cell


Example:
Multicellular: composed of many cells

Example:
MULTICELLULAR


Multicellular: made up of two or more cells
Multicellular organisms have specialized cells.
This means that there are various kinds of cells
and each kind carries out a specific function or
functions needed to support life.
 Specialization means that the cells of a
multicellular organism must work together to
support their own lives as well as the life of
the whole individual.
UNICELLULAR
Unicellular: made up of only a single cell
 Although there is a tendency to consider
unicellular organisms as simple because they
lack the tissues or organs of more advanced
creatures- they are not. A single-celled organism
can do most things that we need trillions of cells
to do. Unicellular organisms often develop
specialized structures to help them perform these
functions.

REGARDLESS…

Regardless of if they are unicellular or
multicellular all CELLS must do the following
tasks:
 Eat
 Move
 React to stimuli
 Get rid of waste products
 Reproduce
YOUR TASK

Page 102:
Questions 1, 2abcd, 3 and 4
 Page 114



Questions: 1abcd, 3ab, 4, 5
Practice Questions
When you are done you need to work on your cell word search
CELL PARTS
Structures inside the cell are known as
ORGANELLES.
 Each organelle has a role to play in the activities
necessary for life.
 All living things need to have cells to carry out
certain functions but may have different
structures

ANIMAL CELLS
ANIMAL CELL PARTS

Mitochondria: provide the energy a cell needs
to move, divide, reproduce
Power Centre of the cell
 Cristae are folded to increase surface area

PARTS OF AN ANIMAL CELL

Cell Membrane: surrounds and protects the
contents of the cell

Helps control the movement of substances in and out
of the cell
PARTS OF AN ANIMAL CELL

Cytoplasm: fluid that fills the cell
Distributes materials such as oxygen and food to
different parts of the cell
 Also helps support all the other parts of the cell

PARTS OF AN ANIMAL CELL

Nucleus: large dark nucleus is often the most
easily seen structure in the cell
Controls the cell activities
 Contains the chromosomes
 Enclosed in a nuclear membrane which controls what
enters and leaves the cell

PARTS OF AN ANIMAL CELL

Nucleolus: prominent structure in the nucleus

Produces ribosomes
PARTS OF AN ANIMAL CELL

Vacuoles: Storage places for surplus food,
wastes and other substances that the cell cannot
use right away.
PARTS OF AN ANIMAL CELL

Lysosomes: digestion
PARTS OF AN ANIMAL CELL

Golgi Apparatus: important in packaging
proteins for transport elsewhere in the cell
PARTS OF AN ANIMAL CELL

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Appears
pebbled due to the presence of ribosomes.

Synthesizes proteins
PARTS OF AN ANIMAL CELL

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Appears
smooth

Functions: lipid and steroid synthesizes
PARTS OF AN ANIMAL CELL

Ribosome: Site of protein synthesis
ANIMAL CELLS
WHAT YOU NEED TO HAVE IN AN ANIMAL
CELL
Nucleus
 Cell Membrane
 Cytoplasm
 Vacuoles
 Ribosomes
 Golgi Apparatus
 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Lysosomes
 Mitochondria
 Nucleolus

PLANT CELLS
PARTS OF A PLANT CELL
Lucky for you plants have many of the same
structures
1)Nucleus
2) Nucleolus
3) Cytoplasm
4) Golgi Apparatus
5) Lysosome
6) Mitochondria
7) Vacuole
8) Cell Wall
9) Smooth ER
10) Rough ER
11) Chloroplast

PARTS OF A PLANT CELL

Cell Wall: are much thicker and more rigid than
cell membranes and are made mostly of a tough
material called cellulose.

Provide support for the cell
PARTS OF A PLANT CELL

Chloroplasts: Structures where photosynthesis
takes place
FLUID MOVEMENT IN PLANTS
A CLOSER LOOK AT TISSUES...
Tissues are groups of similar cells that work
together, having similar structure and function.
 Plants require a large supply of water to make
sugars in the process of
photosynthesis.
 The transportation of nutrients
is the role of plant tissues.

PLANT TISSUE

Inside the plant there are three types of tissues:

1) Vascular Tissues: connect the roots to the
leaves

2) Phloem Tissue: transports sugars manufactured
in the leaves to the rest of the plant.

3) Xylem Tissue: takes water and minerals
absorbed by the root cells to every cell in the plant
FROM ROOT
TO LEAF
TRANSPIRATION
Once water has left the root system it does not
return
 Water exits the plant – through the open
stomata in the leaves  Transpiration

PULLING AND PUSHING
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYbg4lQ-iaU&feature=related
ORGANS
Each organ is made up of several tissues all
working together. They are distinct structures
in the body that perform particular functions.
 Plants have organs as well – roots, stem and
leaves

ORGAN SYSTEMS
Organs work together to perform activities that
help the organism function as a whole.
 Plants typically have two systems

root system and shoot
 stems and leaves


A reproductive system (flowers, fruits and seeds)
is often produced at certain times as well.
YOUR TASK

Page 137 Questions:

1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7
BODY SYSTEMS IN HUMANS
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION IN ORGANISMS

Cell:

Tissue:

Organ:

Organ System:

Organism:
Respiratory System
Nervous System
Muscle System
Circulatory System
Excretory System
Digestive System
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Living organisms require energy to survive.
 Humans obtain energy from different sources such as
carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. All of which need to be
processed.
 Structures of the Digestive System:
A: Mouth
B: Esophagus
C: Stomach
D: Small Intestine
E: Large Intestine
-Pancreas
-Gall Bladder
-Liver
-Appendix
-Rectum
-Anus
 Functions of the Digestive System:
This organ system breaks down food and
removes water

TYPES OF DIGESTION

There are two types of digestion:

1) Mechanical Digestion: involves the physical
breakdown of food into small pieces.

2) Chemical Digestion: involves the breakdown of
large particles into smaller particles by substances
called enzymes
FOOD’S PATH THROUGH THE DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7xKYNz9AS0
THE MOUTH AND ESOPHAGUS
Digestion begins at the mouth with the
mechanical breakdown of your food.
 The teeth mechanically digest the food by
grinding it and mixing it with saliva.
 Saliva contains water to moisten the food,
making it easier to swallow.
 Saliva also contains an enzyme known as
amylase which chemically digests large
molecules into smaller molecules.

THE MOUTH AND ESOPHAGUS THE
JOURNEY CONTINUES
Once you have chewed your food your tongue
pushes it to the back of your throat
 As you swallow the epiglottis moves across your
windpipe and the food is pushed into the
esophagus
 The food moves down towards your stomach
through a process known as Peristalsis

STOMACH

The stomach responds to the stimulus of the
arrival of food:
The muscular wall of the stomach churns food
mixing it with secretions known as Gastric juices
 Gastric Juice is composed of mucus, hydrochloric
acid, water and digestive enzymes. These
chemically digest food
 When solid food leaves the stomach it is a liquid

THE SMALL INTESTINE, PANCREAS, LIVER
AND GALL BLADDER
As food moves into the small intestine,
chemical digestion further breaks down food.
 The pancreas send digestive enzymes to the
small intestine
 The liver produces a substance called bile,
which is stored in the gall bladder. The gall
bladder sends bile into the small intestine where
it chemically breaks down food

THE SMALL INTESTINE, PANCREAS, LIVER
AND GALL BLADDER

Once food has been broken down the small
intestine absorbs these particles through it’s
villi

Villi: finger like projections in the small intestine
which increase surface area and aid in absorbing
nutrients
LARGE INTESTINE AND RECTUM
By the time food reaches the large intestine,
mechanical and chemical digestion are
complete.
 The large intestine absorbs water along with
vitamins and minerals
 Any parts of the food that have not been digested
are formed into feces which is collected in the
rectum

WHAT YOU NEED TO DO

Do questions provided in notes.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Respiratory system is responsible for supplying
your blood with oxygen and removing the carbon
dioxide from your blood
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HiT621PrrO0&feature=related
BREATHING
Breathing (Inhalation) is the process your
respiratory system uses to move air in and out
(exhalation) of your lungs
Process:
1) Inhale
2) Rib and Diaphragm muscles contract
3) Ribs go up, Diaphragm goes down
4) Increases the size of your chest and lungs
5) Air pulled into your lungs
6) Exhale
7) Muscles relax
8) Ribs go down and Diaphragm goes up
9) Size of chest and lungs decreases, forcing air out

http://www.footprints-science.co.uk/flash/breathing.swf
THE PATHWAY OF AIR INTO THE LUNGS
THE GAS EXCHANGE PROCESS
Your cells need oxygen to release energy from
nutrients
 Cells need to get rid of carbon dioxide
 Two body systems work together so that cells can
exchange these two gases

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vu_ONM3Bj9A
GAS EXCHANGE
The respiratory system draws oxygen rich air
into the lungs through passageways called
bronchi
 Bronchi narrow to bronchioles that end in
alveoli

GAS EXCHANGE
The air in the alveoli has a high concentration of
oxygen and a low concentration of carbon
dioxide
 The blood in the capillaries surrounding the
alveoli has a low concentration of oxygen and a
high concentration of carbon dioxide

YOUR TASK

Do Questions in Notes
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The Circulatory System consists of:
The Heart
 Blood
 Blood Vessels

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Circulatory system needs to deliver nutrients
absorbed by your digestive system to each cell
in your body
 Circulatory system must also transport oxygen
to your cells and remove waste products
 Transportation Network

THE HEART
The heart is a pump
 The heart is divided into the right and left side
 Right side: pumps blood to your lungs where it
receives oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide
 Left Side: receive oxygen rich blood from your
lungs and pumps it to all other parts of your
body

THE HEART

Each side of your heart is divided into two
chambers
Top two chambers are called atria
 Bottom two chambers are called ventricles

ARTERIES, VEINS AND CAPILLARIES
The vessels that carry blood away from your
heart to all the parts of your body are called
arteries
 Blood is returned from your body to the heart in
veins
 Blood vessels are made up of three of the four
types of tissue:

1) Connective
 2) Muscles
 3) Epithelial

OSMOSIS AND DIFFUSION IN THE
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Diffusion is the process responsible for
transporting oxygen from your blood into your
cells and carbon dioxide from your cells into
your body
 Diffusion also transports some nutrients from
your small intestine to your blood
 The diffusion of nutrients and gases occurs in
specialized blood vessels called capillaries

CAPILLARIES

Capillaries have two adaptations for
exchanging gases and nutrients



1) They are made of specialized epithelial tissue
that is only one layer thick
2) They are very narrow so that blood cells must
pass through in single file
These adaptations help increase the rate of gas
exchange between the blood and cells
THE BLOOD

Your blood consists of:
Red Blood Cells
 White Blood Cells
 Platelets
 Plasma – the liquid portion of blood (makes up 45%)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsKZWqsUpw
BLOOD BREAKDOWN
Blood cells are highly specialized in order to
perform their functions
 Red Blood Cells: Carry oxygen
 White Blood Cells: Specialized to fight
infection
 Platelets: Help stop bleeding
 Plasma: Transports nutrients to cells and
carries waste away

THE CONNECTION
To connect the cells throughout your body with
air the circulatory system and respiratory
system work together.
 The respiratory system exchanges oxygen and
carbon dioxide while the circulatory system
transports these gases throughout the body
 The two systems come into closest contact at the
tissues of the lungs

THE CONNECTION CONTINUES
Your bloodstream also carries food particles
 The transfer of food from the digestive system to
the circulatory system takes place at the inner
lining of the small intestine
 Dissolved food particles pass from the intestine
into the capillaries by a process called

absorption

The arteries of the circulatory system provide
the transportation network
YOUR TASK

Do Questions in Notes
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM
The body produces a number of different types of
waste
 These wastes are poisonous and if not removed
can cause you serious harm
 The job of waste removal, excretion is done by the
excretory system
 The excretory system involves organs from other
systems different organ systems interact to get
rid of wastes

WASTE PRODUCTS
Cells produce carbon dioxide as a waste product
 CO2 is removed from the body by the lungs
 When cells break down proteins they produce
ammonia
 Chemical processes that happen in the cells also
produce water and salts as waste products

THE LIVER
The liver is an organ of the digestive system but
is also important in excretion
 The liver takes highly toxic ammonia and
converts it into a less harmful substance called
urea
 The Liver then releases urea into the
bloodstream where it is disposed of

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5f9dVOfetgs&feature=related
THE KIDNEYS
The Kidneys are the main organs of
the excretory system
 They act as filters to the blood
straining out the unwanted urea,
water and other salts and they produce
urine
 Every drop of your blood is filtered
about 300 times a day by the kidneys
 Even though about 180L of blood
passes through the kidneys everyday
only about 1.5L of urine is produced
 The kidneys keep the proper amount of water in your
blood. If there is to much water they excrete it in the
form of urine

THE FORMATION OF URINE

Process:





Blood enters the kidneys by the renal artery
The artery branches into smaller vessels called
nephrons
Nephrons remove wastes from the blood and produce
urine
The “clean” filtered blood returns to the body through
the renal vein
Urine flows out a separate vessel and into the ureter
URETERS, BLADDER AND URETHRA
Ureters are long tubes that connect the kidneys
to the bladder
 The Bladder is a sac covered in muscle tissue The
Bladder can store about 1L of Urine
 Urethra expels urine

YOUR TASK
Complete the
questions in your notes

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM
The nervous system is mostly made up of one
type of tissue called nervous tissue
 Nervous tissue is made up entirely of specialized
cells called neurons
 A neurons job is to send and receive messages

THE NEURON
A neuron receives messages from small branches
of the cell called dendrites
 Incoming messages are passed from the
dendrites through the cell body to the axon
 The axon carries impulses away from the cell
body to its branches
 These branches transmit the message to the
dendrites of neighboring nerve cells

http://www.5min.com/Video/Learn-about-The-Brain-and-Central-Nervous-System117566656
HOW THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS
ORGANIZED

The Nervous system consists of many divisions.
Two of the most important are:
Central Nervous System: Composed of the brain,
and spinal cord
 Peripheral Nervous System: composed of the head
(cranial) and spinal nerves.


These nerves travel to all parts of your body
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Each nerve of the peripheral nervous system is
composed of two types of neurons:
Sensory Neurons: carry information from the body
to the nervous system
 Motor Neurons: carry information from the central
nervous system to the muscles or organs

TO RESPOND OR NOT TO RESPOND
The Peripheral Nervous System can be divided
again
1. Somatic Nervous System: Choosing to
respond to stimuli is called a voluntary response
and is controlled by the Somatic Nervous System

2. Autonomic Nervous System: Unconsciously
responding to stimuli is called an autonomic
response and is controlled by the autonomic
nervous system
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
AKA THE MOTHERBOARD
Central Nervous system= The BRAIN
 The brain receives stimuli from the
outside world gathered by the sense
organs:

Eyes
 Ears
 Mouth
 Nose
 Skin
The Brain also receives internal stimuli from the body and
sends messages to the appropriate body parts
The Spinal cord connects the brain to the peripheral nervous
system and acts as a highway for messages between the
brain and the body

THE BRAIN

The brain is generally divided into three main
sections:
Cerebrum
 Cerebellum
 Medulla

THE REFLEX RESPONSE
In some situations sensory and motor neurons
may work together without involving the brain
Reflex
 A reflex is an automatic response by the nervous
system to an external stimuli

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=40EBLb1avhM&feature=related
LET’S BREAKDOWN A REFLEX








1) Touch a red hot element Stimulus is the heat
2) Sensory nerves in your hand react
3) Nerve impulse sent to the spinal cord
4) Message relayed to the motor neurons
5) Impulse travels to the muscles of your arm
6) Arm contract your hand away from the element
Side Note: Sensory neurons also send a message to
your brain. But by the time the message gets there
your hand has already been removed
Reflexes protect you from injury by reducing the time
it takes to react to harmful stimuli
UNEVEN SENSE OF TOUCH
YOUR TASK

Complete the questions provided for you in your
notes.