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CELLS AND SYSTEMS CELLS: THE BASIS OF LIFE! All living things are made of CELLS!!!!! CELLS are the smallest and most basic unit of life. CELLS are so small that they cannot be seen with the human eye! The eye is made of CELLS!!!! THE WORLD OF CELLS REVEALS ITSELF It was the invention of the microscope that made it possible for us to see the CELL Anton van Leeuwenhoek developed the first microscope. MICROSCOPES TODAY Today advancements have led to the development of modern compound light microscopes. The best light microscopes can magnify objects as small as 2000x. This though still is not good enough to see the inside of a CELL To see inside a CELL we need to use an electron microscope Electron microscopes use beams of electrons to create an image of the CELL parts In 1938 the first practical electron microscope was developed by two CANADIANS James Hillier Albert Prebus COMPARISON OF LIGHT VS. ELECTRON MICROSCOPES Electron microscopes reveal many organelles that are impossible to resolve with Light microscopes Electron microscopes slide preparations kill the CELLS Light microscope slides allow you to observe live CELLS EYEPIECE Contains the OCULAR lens PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE EYEPIECE NOSEPIECE can be rotated to change MAGNIFICATION. Arm Used to support the microscope when you carry it OBJECTIVE LENSES STAGE Stage Clips DIAPHRAGM Regulates the amount of LIGHT on the specimen LIGHT SOURCE Projects light UPWARDS COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB Moves the stage up and down for FOCUSING FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB Moves the stage slightly to SHARPEN the image BASE Supports the MICROSCOPE PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE Nosepiece: can be rotated to change MAGNIFICATION DIAPHRAGM :Regulates the amount of LIGHT on the specimen LIGHT SOURCE :Projects light UPWARDS EYEPIECE :Contains the OCULAR lens Arm :Used to support the microscope when you carry it PARTS OF A MICROSCOPE COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB :Moves the stage up and down for FOCUSING FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB: Moves the stage slightly to SHARPEN the image BASE :Supports the MICROSCOPE About the same time Robert Hooke was experimenting with a microscope that he built. Hooke took a piece of tree bark and saw that it was made of a network of tiny box like compartments that reminded him of honeycomb. He described these little boxes as “cellulae” which means little rooms. This is where the word CELL comes from He was also the first to state that the CELL is the basic unit of life CELLS IN ALL LIVING THINGS Matthias Schleiden indicated that plants were made up of CELLS Theodor Schwann indicated that animals are made up of CELLS CELL THEORY Many scientists contributed to the CELL Theory The CELL Theory states: Every organism is made up of CELLS CELLS are the basic units of structure and function in all organisms Pre-existing CELLS create new CELLS LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION IN ORGANISMS Cell: Tissue: Organ: Organ System: Organism: LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION 1)CELL: basic unit of life Simplest collection of matter that can live Complex organisms such as plants and animals are multicellular; their bodies are cooperatives of many kinds of specialized cells All cells are related by their descent from earlier cells, but have been modified in various ways. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION 2) Tissue: a group of specialized cells LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION 3) Organ: a group of tissues that perform a special function LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION 4) Organ System: A group of organs that are specialized to perform a specific task. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION 5) Organism: All living things SUMMARY OF ORGANIZATION CELL Organism CELLS AND LIVING THINGS Organisms can be grouped by how many cells they are made up of: Unicellular: composed of one cell Example: Multicellular: composed of many cells Example: MULTICELLULAR Multicellular: made up of two or more cells Multicellular organisms have specialized cells. This means that there are various kinds of cells and each kind carries out a specific function or functions needed to support life. Specialization means that the cells of a multicellular organism must work together to support their own lives as well as the life of the whole individual. UNICELLULAR Unicellular: made up of only a single cell Although there is a tendency to consider unicellular organisms as simple because they lack the tissues or organs of more advanced creatures- they are not. A single-celled organism can do most things that we need trillions of cells to do. Unicellular organisms often develop specialized structures to help them perform these functions. REGARDLESS… Regardless of if they are unicellular or multicellular all CELLS must do the following tasks: Eat Move React to stimuli Get rid of waste products Reproduce YOUR TASK Page 102: Questions 1, 2abcd, 3 and 4 Page 114 Questions: 1abcd, 3ab, 4, 5 Practice Questions When you are done you need to work on your cell word search CELL PARTS Structures inside the cell are known as ORGANELLES. Each organelle has a role to play in the activities necessary for life. All living things need to have cells to carry out certain functions but may have different structures ANIMAL CELLS ANIMAL CELL PARTS Mitochondria: provide the energy a cell needs to move, divide, reproduce Power Centre of the cell Cristae are folded to increase surface area PARTS OF AN ANIMAL CELL Cell Membrane: surrounds and protects the contents of the cell Helps control the movement of substances in and out of the cell PARTS OF AN ANIMAL CELL Cytoplasm: fluid that fills the cell Distributes materials such as oxygen and food to different parts of the cell Also helps support all the other parts of the cell PARTS OF AN ANIMAL CELL Nucleus: large dark nucleus is often the most easily seen structure in the cell Controls the cell activities Contains the chromosomes Enclosed in a nuclear membrane which controls what enters and leaves the cell PARTS OF AN ANIMAL CELL Nucleolus: prominent structure in the nucleus Produces ribosomes PARTS OF AN ANIMAL CELL Vacuoles: Storage places for surplus food, wastes and other substances that the cell cannot use right away. PARTS OF AN ANIMAL CELL Lysosomes: digestion PARTS OF AN ANIMAL CELL Golgi Apparatus: important in packaging proteins for transport elsewhere in the cell PARTS OF AN ANIMAL CELL Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Appears pebbled due to the presence of ribosomes. Synthesizes proteins PARTS OF AN ANIMAL CELL Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Appears smooth Functions: lipid and steroid synthesizes PARTS OF AN ANIMAL CELL Ribosome: Site of protein synthesis ANIMAL CELLS WHAT YOU NEED TO HAVE IN AN ANIMAL CELL Nucleus Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Vacuoles Ribosomes Golgi Apparatus Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Lysosomes Mitochondria Nucleolus PLANT CELLS PARTS OF A PLANT CELL Lucky for you plants have many of the same structures 1)Nucleus 2) Nucleolus 3) Cytoplasm 4) Golgi Apparatus 5) Lysosome 6) Mitochondria 7) Vacuole 8) Cell Wall 9) Smooth ER 10) Rough ER 11) Chloroplast PARTS OF A PLANT CELL Cell Wall: are much thicker and more rigid than cell membranes and are made mostly of a tough material called cellulose. Provide support for the cell PARTS OF A PLANT CELL Chloroplasts: Structures where photosynthesis takes place FLUID MOVEMENT IN PLANTS A CLOSER LOOK AT TISSUES... Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together, having similar structure and function. Plants require a large supply of water to make sugars in the process of photosynthesis. The transportation of nutrients is the role of plant tissues. PLANT TISSUE Inside the plant there are three types of tissues: 1) Vascular Tissues: connect the roots to the leaves 2) Phloem Tissue: transports sugars manufactured in the leaves to the rest of the plant. 3) Xylem Tissue: takes water and minerals absorbed by the root cells to every cell in the plant FROM ROOT TO LEAF TRANSPIRATION Once water has left the root system it does not return Water exits the plant – through the open stomata in the leaves Transpiration PULLING AND PUSHING http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYbg4lQ-iaU&feature=related ORGANS Each organ is made up of several tissues all working together. They are distinct structures in the body that perform particular functions. Plants have organs as well – roots, stem and leaves ORGAN SYSTEMS Organs work together to perform activities that help the organism function as a whole. Plants typically have two systems root system and shoot stems and leaves A reproductive system (flowers, fruits and seeds) is often produced at certain times as well. YOUR TASK Page 137 Questions: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 BODY SYSTEMS IN HUMANS LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION IN ORGANISMS Cell: Tissue: Organ: Organ System: Organism: Respiratory System Nervous System Muscle System Circulatory System Excretory System Digestive System DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Living organisms require energy to survive. Humans obtain energy from different sources such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. All of which need to be processed. Structures of the Digestive System: A: Mouth B: Esophagus C: Stomach D: Small Intestine E: Large Intestine -Pancreas -Gall Bladder -Liver -Appendix -Rectum -Anus Functions of the Digestive System: This organ system breaks down food and removes water TYPES OF DIGESTION There are two types of digestion: 1) Mechanical Digestion: involves the physical breakdown of food into small pieces. 2) Chemical Digestion: involves the breakdown of large particles into smaller particles by substances called enzymes FOOD’S PATH THROUGH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7xKYNz9AS0 THE MOUTH AND ESOPHAGUS Digestion begins at the mouth with the mechanical breakdown of your food. The teeth mechanically digest the food by grinding it and mixing it with saliva. Saliva contains water to moisten the food, making it easier to swallow. Saliva also contains an enzyme known as amylase which chemically digests large molecules into smaller molecules. THE MOUTH AND ESOPHAGUS THE JOURNEY CONTINUES Once you have chewed your food your tongue pushes it to the back of your throat As you swallow the epiglottis moves across your windpipe and the food is pushed into the esophagus The food moves down towards your stomach through a process known as Peristalsis STOMACH The stomach responds to the stimulus of the arrival of food: The muscular wall of the stomach churns food mixing it with secretions known as Gastric juices Gastric Juice is composed of mucus, hydrochloric acid, water and digestive enzymes. These chemically digest food When solid food leaves the stomach it is a liquid THE SMALL INTESTINE, PANCREAS, LIVER AND GALL BLADDER As food moves into the small intestine, chemical digestion further breaks down food. The pancreas send digestive enzymes to the small intestine The liver produces a substance called bile, which is stored in the gall bladder. The gall bladder sends bile into the small intestine where it chemically breaks down food THE SMALL INTESTINE, PANCREAS, LIVER AND GALL BLADDER Once food has been broken down the small intestine absorbs these particles through it’s villi Villi: finger like projections in the small intestine which increase surface area and aid in absorbing nutrients LARGE INTESTINE AND RECTUM By the time food reaches the large intestine, mechanical and chemical digestion are complete. The large intestine absorbs water along with vitamins and minerals Any parts of the food that have not been digested are formed into feces which is collected in the rectum WHAT YOU NEED TO DO Do questions provided in notes. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Respiratory system is responsible for supplying your blood with oxygen and removing the carbon dioxide from your blood http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HiT621PrrO0&feature=related BREATHING Breathing (Inhalation) is the process your respiratory system uses to move air in and out (exhalation) of your lungs Process: 1) Inhale 2) Rib and Diaphragm muscles contract 3) Ribs go up, Diaphragm goes down 4) Increases the size of your chest and lungs 5) Air pulled into your lungs 6) Exhale 7) Muscles relax 8) Ribs go down and Diaphragm goes up 9) Size of chest and lungs decreases, forcing air out http://www.footprints-science.co.uk/flash/breathing.swf THE PATHWAY OF AIR INTO THE LUNGS THE GAS EXCHANGE PROCESS Your cells need oxygen to release energy from nutrients Cells need to get rid of carbon dioxide Two body systems work together so that cells can exchange these two gases http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vu_ONM3Bj9A GAS EXCHANGE The respiratory system draws oxygen rich air into the lungs through passageways called bronchi Bronchi narrow to bronchioles that end in alveoli GAS EXCHANGE The air in the alveoli has a high concentration of oxygen and a low concentration of carbon dioxide The blood in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli has a low concentration of oxygen and a high concentration of carbon dioxide YOUR TASK Do Questions in Notes CIRCULATORY SYSTEM THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM The Circulatory System consists of: The Heart Blood Blood Vessels CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Circulatory system needs to deliver nutrients absorbed by your digestive system to each cell in your body Circulatory system must also transport oxygen to your cells and remove waste products Transportation Network THE HEART The heart is a pump The heart is divided into the right and left side Right side: pumps blood to your lungs where it receives oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide Left Side: receive oxygen rich blood from your lungs and pumps it to all other parts of your body THE HEART Each side of your heart is divided into two chambers Top two chambers are called atria Bottom two chambers are called ventricles ARTERIES, VEINS AND CAPILLARIES The vessels that carry blood away from your heart to all the parts of your body are called arteries Blood is returned from your body to the heart in veins Blood vessels are made up of three of the four types of tissue: 1) Connective 2) Muscles 3) Epithelial OSMOSIS AND DIFFUSION IN THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Diffusion is the process responsible for transporting oxygen from your blood into your cells and carbon dioxide from your cells into your body Diffusion also transports some nutrients from your small intestine to your blood The diffusion of nutrients and gases occurs in specialized blood vessels called capillaries CAPILLARIES Capillaries have two adaptations for exchanging gases and nutrients 1) They are made of specialized epithelial tissue that is only one layer thick 2) They are very narrow so that blood cells must pass through in single file These adaptations help increase the rate of gas exchange between the blood and cells THE BLOOD Your blood consists of: Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Platelets Plasma – the liquid portion of blood (makes up 45%) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RsKZWqsUpw BLOOD BREAKDOWN Blood cells are highly specialized in order to perform their functions Red Blood Cells: Carry oxygen White Blood Cells: Specialized to fight infection Platelets: Help stop bleeding Plasma: Transports nutrients to cells and carries waste away THE CONNECTION To connect the cells throughout your body with air the circulatory system and respiratory system work together. The respiratory system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide while the circulatory system transports these gases throughout the body The two systems come into closest contact at the tissues of the lungs THE CONNECTION CONTINUES Your bloodstream also carries food particles The transfer of food from the digestive system to the circulatory system takes place at the inner lining of the small intestine Dissolved food particles pass from the intestine into the capillaries by a process called absorption The arteries of the circulatory system provide the transportation network YOUR TASK Do Questions in Notes THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM The body produces a number of different types of waste These wastes are poisonous and if not removed can cause you serious harm The job of waste removal, excretion is done by the excretory system The excretory system involves organs from other systems different organ systems interact to get rid of wastes WASTE PRODUCTS Cells produce carbon dioxide as a waste product CO2 is removed from the body by the lungs When cells break down proteins they produce ammonia Chemical processes that happen in the cells also produce water and salts as waste products THE LIVER The liver is an organ of the digestive system but is also important in excretion The liver takes highly toxic ammonia and converts it into a less harmful substance called urea The Liver then releases urea into the bloodstream where it is disposed of http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5f9dVOfetgs&feature=related THE KIDNEYS The Kidneys are the main organs of the excretory system They act as filters to the blood straining out the unwanted urea, water and other salts and they produce urine Every drop of your blood is filtered about 300 times a day by the kidneys Even though about 180L of blood passes through the kidneys everyday only about 1.5L of urine is produced The kidneys keep the proper amount of water in your blood. If there is to much water they excrete it in the form of urine THE FORMATION OF URINE Process: Blood enters the kidneys by the renal artery The artery branches into smaller vessels called nephrons Nephrons remove wastes from the blood and produce urine The “clean” filtered blood returns to the body through the renal vein Urine flows out a separate vessel and into the ureter URETERS, BLADDER AND URETHRA Ureters are long tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder The Bladder is a sac covered in muscle tissue The Bladder can store about 1L of Urine Urethra expels urine YOUR TASK Complete the questions in your notes THE NERVOUS SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM The nervous system is mostly made up of one type of tissue called nervous tissue Nervous tissue is made up entirely of specialized cells called neurons A neurons job is to send and receive messages THE NEURON A neuron receives messages from small branches of the cell called dendrites Incoming messages are passed from the dendrites through the cell body to the axon The axon carries impulses away from the cell body to its branches These branches transmit the message to the dendrites of neighboring nerve cells http://www.5min.com/Video/Learn-about-The-Brain-and-Central-Nervous-System117566656 HOW THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS ORGANIZED The Nervous system consists of many divisions. Two of the most important are: Central Nervous System: Composed of the brain, and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System: composed of the head (cranial) and spinal nerves. These nerves travel to all parts of your body PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Each nerve of the peripheral nervous system is composed of two types of neurons: Sensory Neurons: carry information from the body to the nervous system Motor Neurons: carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles or organs TO RESPOND OR NOT TO RESPOND The Peripheral Nervous System can be divided again 1. Somatic Nervous System: Choosing to respond to stimuli is called a voluntary response and is controlled by the Somatic Nervous System 2. Autonomic Nervous System: Unconsciously responding to stimuli is called an autonomic response and is controlled by the autonomic nervous system THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AKA THE MOTHERBOARD Central Nervous system= The BRAIN The brain receives stimuli from the outside world gathered by the sense organs: Eyes Ears Mouth Nose Skin The Brain also receives internal stimuli from the body and sends messages to the appropriate body parts The Spinal cord connects the brain to the peripheral nervous system and acts as a highway for messages between the brain and the body THE BRAIN The brain is generally divided into three main sections: Cerebrum Cerebellum Medulla THE REFLEX RESPONSE In some situations sensory and motor neurons may work together without involving the brain Reflex A reflex is an automatic response by the nervous system to an external stimuli http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=40EBLb1avhM&feature=related LET’S BREAKDOWN A REFLEX 1) Touch a red hot element Stimulus is the heat 2) Sensory nerves in your hand react 3) Nerve impulse sent to the spinal cord 4) Message relayed to the motor neurons 5) Impulse travels to the muscles of your arm 6) Arm contract your hand away from the element Side Note: Sensory neurons also send a message to your brain. But by the time the message gets there your hand has already been removed Reflexes protect you from injury by reducing the time it takes to react to harmful stimuli UNEVEN SENSE OF TOUCH YOUR TASK Complete the questions provided for you in your notes.