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Transcript
Estimating Mineral Weathering Rates in Catskills Watersheds Chris E. Johnson Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering Syracuse University Erosion, Denudation and Weathering • Erosion: Generally refers to the transport of physical matter by water and wind. • Weathering: Breakdown of rocks/minerals. ◘ Physical ◘ Chemical • Denudation: Net lowering of the landscape. ◘ Result of physical and chemical processes. Chemical Weathering • Dissolution of minerals in soils and parent material. CaAl2Si2O8 (s) + 6H2O + 2H+ = 2Al(OH)3 (s) + Ca2+ + 2H4SiO4 (aq) • Releases dissolved substances to groundwaters. ◘ Basic Cations: Ca, Mg, K, Na ◘ Silica: H4SiO4 ◘ Aluminum: potentially toxic to aquatic biota • Neutralizes acidity. ◘ Crucial to sustainable water quality ◘ Largely determines “critical load” of acid deposition in forested ecosystems. Estimation of Chemical Weathering Rates • Chemical weathering is not readily measurable. ◘ Very slow rate… ◘ …integrated over the total mineral surface area in soils and parent material in a watershed… ◘ …results in relatively large fluxes of Ca, Na, K, Mg, Si, etc. • We need to use indirect methods to estimate fluxes of solutes from chemical weathering. Catchment-Based Estimation of Chemical Weathering • Watershed mass balances can be constructed for ions produced by chemical weathering:
