Download Laboratory Exercise #1

College of Information Technology and Computer Science
ITP.1101– IT Fundamentals
Laboratory Exercise #2
IT Magazine
Name: BANGIACAN,SHERMAE K.
Code/Schedule:
ITP 1 MWF 4:00-5:25
Date:
JUNE 24,2013
Terminal #: 6
Topic(s) Covered: Headers, Footers, Drop Cap, Watermarks, Diagrams, Shortcut Keys, Format Painter, Spelling and Grammar, Symbols, Special
Characters, Thesaurus, and Bullets and Numbering
Estimated Completion Time: 1-2 meeting
Objectives:
1. To be familiar with the basic features of MS Word.
2. To be able to utilize the different features that MS Word is capable of.
3. To be able to create an IT Magazine using MS Word.
Activity:
ITP.1101 – IT Fundamentals
College of Information Technology and Computer Science
Choose one among the following IT topics and create a three-page back-to-back IT
magazine that shall contain discussions of your chosen topic:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Embedded Computing
Ubiquitous Computing
Augmented Reality
Cloud Computing
Web 5.0
The Deep Web
Touch Technologies
Mobile Computing
Artificial Intelligence
Game Development
Include pictures and/or tables to support your articles. Cite your resources. Print
your newspaper and submit it to your instructor. Save a copy of your document in drive
Z:, filename: Act2.
Magazine Format:
Page size
Orientation
Margin
Alignment
Column
Text font style
Text font size
Spacing
8” x 13”
Landscape
All Sides - 1”
Justified
4 – Column
Bodoni MT
Title – 12, Body - 10
Single
ITP.1101 – IT Fundamentals
College of Information Technology and Computer Science
Laboratory Exercise Score Sheet
Criteria
Score
1. Conformance to the prescribed format
25
2. Comprehensive content of the research
25
3. Completeness of the activity
25
4. Question and answer
25
25
ITP.1101 – IT Fundamentals
College of Information Technology and Computer Science
ITP.1101 – IT Fundamentals
College of Information Technology and Computer Science
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
DEFINITION:




Artificial intelligence (AI) is
technology and a branch of
computer science that studies
and develops intelligent
machines and software. Major
AI researchers and textbooks
define the field as "the study
and design of intelligent agents.
Elaine Rich: AI is the study of
techniques for solving
exponentially hard problems in
polynomial time by exploiting
knowledge about the problem
domain.
Herbert Simon: We call
programs intelligent if they
exhibit behaviors that would be
regarded intelligent if they were
exhibited by human beings.
Douglas Baker: AI is the
attempt to make computers do



what people think computers
cannot do.
The branch of computer science
concerned with making
computers behave like humans.
The term was coined in 1956 by
John McCarthy at the
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology.
the capability of a machine to
imitate intelligent human
behavior
Software technologies that
make a computer or robot
perform equal to or better than
normal human computational
ability in accuracy, capacity,
and speed. Two very different
approaches rule-based systems
(see expert system) and neural
networks have produced
increasingly powerful
applications that make complex
decisions, evaluate investment
opportunities, and help in
developing new products. Other
uses include robotics, humanlanguage understanding, and
computer vision.
THE HISTORY OF
ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
Mankind has long been curious
about how the mind works and
fascinated by intelligent
machines. From Talos, the
copper giant in Iliad, Pinocchio,
the fairy wooden puppet acting
like a real boy, and the early
debates on the nature of the
mind and thought by European
philosophers and
mathematicians, we can see
people's desire to understand
and even to create intelligence.
The Birth of AI (1945-56)
However, it wasn't until the
postwar period (1945-1956) that
Artificial Intelligence would
emerge as a widely-discussed
field. What propelled the birth
of Artificial Intelligence were
the arrival of modern computer
technology and the arise of a
critical mass. Pioneers such as
Marvin Minsky, John
McCarthy, Allen Newell, and
Herbert Simon led their
students in defining the new
and promising field. The
development of the modern
computer technology effected
the AI research tremendously.
Many pioneers of AI broke
away from the traditional
approach of artificial neurons
and decided that the human
thought could be more
efficiently emulated with
modern digital computer. Those
who did not accept digital
computers as the new approach
1
ITP.1101 – IT Fundamentals
College of Information Technology and Computer Science
stayed in the parallel field of
neural network.
The Dawning Age of AI (195663)
The Dartmouth Conference of
1956 brought AI to a new era.
1956-1963 represents the
dawning of an intensive AI
wave. During this period, major
AI research centers such as
Carnegie Mellon, MIT and its
Lincoln Laboratory, Stanford,
and IBM concentrated their
work on two main themes.
First, the attempt to limit the
breadth of searches in trial-anderror problems led to the
initiation of projects such as
Logic Theorist (considered as
the first AI program),
Geometry Theorem Proved, and
SAINT. Next, the study on
computer learning includes
projects on chess, checkers, and
pattern recognition programs.
Specialized list-processing AI
languages such as LISP were
also developed in MIT and
other places in 1958.
The Maturation of AI (1963-70)
By mid 60's, AI had become the
common goal of thousands of
different studies. AI researchers
utilized their programming
techniques and the improved
computers in pursuing various
projects. However, the
memories of computers during
these years were still very
limited. Perception and
knowledge representation in
computers became the theme of
many AI researches. One
representative project was the
Blocks Micro World project
carried out in MIT. Facing a
collection of pure geometric
shapes, the robots looked
through cameras and
interpreted what they had seen.
Then, they would move about,
manipulate blocks and express
their perceptions, activities, and
motivations. With the booming
of AI, the rival science of
artificial neural network would
face the downfall especially
after the exposure of basic flaws
in its research in "Perceptron"
by Minsky and Papert.
The Specialization of Various
AI Studies (1970's)
Different AI-related studies had
developed into recognizable
specialties during the 70's.
Edward Feigenbaum pioneered
the research on expert systems;
Roger Schank promoted
language analysis with a new
way of interpreting the meaning
of words; Marvin Minksy
propelled the field of knowledge
representation a step further
with his new structures for
representing mental constructs;
Douglas Lenat explored
automatic learning and the
nature of heuristics; David Marr
improved computer vision; the
authors of PROLOG language
presented a convenient higher
language for AI researches. The
specialization of AI in the 70's
greatly strengthened the
backbone of AI theories.
However, AI applications were
still few and premature.
The Unfulfilled Expectations
(1980's)
The 1980's was a period of roller
coasting for AI. The antiscience tradition of the public
was improved greatly following
the appearance of Star Wars
movies and the new popularity
of the personal computers.
XCON, the first expert system
employed in industrial world,
symbolized the budding of real
AI application. Within four
years, XCON had grown tenfold
with an investment of fifty
person-years in the program
and an achievement of saving
about forty million dollars in
testing and manufacturing costs
for the industrial clients.
Following the brilliant success
was the AI boom. The number
of AI groups increased
tremendously and in 1985, 150
companies spent about $1
billion altogether on internal AI
groups. However, the
fundamental AI algorithm was
still unsatisfying. As Marvin
Minsky warned the overconfident public: these
seemingly intelligent programs
simply make dumb decisions
faster. Indeed, the warning
foreshadowed the downfall of
AI industry in late 80's. The
replacing of LISP machines by
standard microcomputers with
AI software’s in the popular C
language in 1987 and the
instability of expert systems
caused a painful transition on
expert system industry; the
computer vision industry also
suffered from a big setback
when Machine Vision
International crashed in 1988;
one other major loss was the
failure in Autonomous Land
Vehicle project (AI drivers +
Robotics). The AI industry
started recovering at the end of
the 80's but learning from the
2
ITP.1101 – IT Fundamentals
College of Information Technology and Computer Science
past experience, public assumed
a much more conservative view
on AI ever since. Another
notable event is the revisiting of
neural network with the work
done by the Parallel
Distributed Processing Study
Group. In 1989, about three
hundred companies were
founded to compete for the
predicted $1 billion market for
neural nets by the end of the
century.AI Being Incorporated
in War (early 1990's)
The Persian Gulf War in the
early 90's proved the
importance of AI research for
military use. Tasks as simple as
packing a transport plane and
as complicated as the timing
and coordination of Operation
Desert Storm were assisted by
AI-oriented expert systems.
Advanced weapons such as
"cruise missiles" were equipped
with technologies previously
studies in different AI-related
fields such as Robotics and
Machine Vision. Two projects
succession the Automated Land
Vehicle project were the Pilot's
Associate project (electronic
copilot) and the Battle
Management System project
(military expert systems).
New AI Applications (late
1990's)
The victory of Deep Blue over
chess champion Kasparov in
1996 led to a new summit of AI
gaming. A new branch of expert
systems has been expected to
prosper as Genetic Engineering
matures. Manipulating such
gigantic knowledge base of
human DNA map
(Bioinformatics) will require
very specialized algorithms and
AI researches.
An Overview
AI is a result of the merge of
philosophy,
mathematics,
psychology,
neurology,
linguistics, computer science,
and
many
other
fields.
Furthermore, the application of
AI relates to almost any fields.
This variety gives AI an endless
potential. A relatively young
science, AI has made much
progress in 50 years. Though
fast-growing, AI has never
actually caught up with all the
expectation imposed on it.
There are two reasons for
public's over-confidence in AI.
First, AI theories are often
ingenious and subtle even
fictional,
implying
much
3
futuristic applications. Second,
AI, being incorporated with
computer technology, is often
expected to progress as fast as
the
computer
technology.
Conclusion ally, AI is a young,
energetic,
and
attractive
science.
IMPORTANCE OF AI
The importance of artificial intelligence
is the ability to create a never-ending
thought process and collective that
could solve our problems. Accomplishing
this by thinking of every possible
solution. We are limited now by the
number of people who can do this. With
artificial intelligence, we could build
computers, upon thousands of
computers, that could all work in unison
to solve our great and most dire
problems. One example is global
warming. Whether you believe we are
the cause or not, the fact is that global
temperatures are on the rise. We need a
way out or around or an idea to slow the
process down. We need something....
Artificial intelligence could, and should
solve this faster than we are or could....
plan activity may not acquisition any
agency to channelize their energies and
accouter their expertise. Animal beings
will be larboard with abandoned time.
Secondly, replacing animal beings with
robots in every acreage may not be a
appropriate accommodation to make.
There are abounding jobs that crave the
animal touch. Able machines will
absolutely not be able to acting for the
caring behavior of hospital nurses or the
able articulation of a doctor. Able
machines may not be the appropriate
best for chump service.
One of the above disadvantages of able
machines is that they cannot be
'human'. We ability be able to
accomplish them think. But will we be
able to accomplish them feel? Able
machines will absolutely be able to plan
for continued hours. But will they do it
with dedication? Will they plan with
devotion
DISADVANTAGES OF AI
If robots alpha replacing animal assets
in every field, we will accept to accord
with austere issues like unemployment
in about-face arch to brainy depression,
abjection and abomination in the
society. Animal beings beggared of their
ITP.1101 – IT Fundamentals
College of Information Technology and Computer Science
exactly which "machines" are under
discussion.
Important propositions in the
philosophy of AI include:
Turing's "polite convention": If a
machine behaves as intelligently as a
human being, then it is as intelligent as
a human being.
The Dartmouth proposal: "Every aspect
of learning or any other feature of
intelligence can be so precisely described
that a machine can be made to simulate
it."
Newell and Simon's physical symbol
system hypothesis: "A physical symbol
system has the necessary and sufficient
means of general intelligent action."
Searle's strong AI hypothesis: "The
appropriately programmed computer
with the right inputs and outputs would
thereby have a mind in exactly the same
sense human beings have minds."
Hobbes' mechanism: "Reason is nothing
but reckoning."
Can we make machines that think and
act like humans or other natural
intelligent agents? The answer to this
question depends on how we see
ourselves and how we see the machines
in question. Classical AI and cognitive
science had claimed that cognition is
computation, and can thus be
reproduced on other computing
machines, possibly surpassing the
abilities of human intelligence. This
WAYS ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE WILL
AFFECT OUR LIVES
Since the start of the 21st century,
there's no question that mankind has
made tremendous strides into the field
of robotics. While modern robots can
now replicate the movements and
actions of humans, the next challenge
lies in teaching robots to think for
themselves and react to changing
conditions. The field of artificial
intelligence promises to give machines
the ability to think analytically, using
concepts and advances in computer
science, robotics and mathematics.
While scientists have yet to realize the
full potential of artificial intelligence,
this technology will likely have farreaching effects on human life in the
years to come. Read on to learn about
some of the surprising ways in which
artificial intelligence impacts your life
today, and see how it could change
things in the future.
While mankind has already made
amazing strides into the field of artificial
intelligence, there's much more to come
in the future.
THE PHILOSOPHY AND
THEORY OF AI
The philosophy of artificial intelligence
attempts to answer such questions as:
Can a machine act intelligently? Can it
solve any problem that a person would
solve by thinking?
Are human intelligence and machine
intelligence the same? Is the human
brain essentially a computer?
Can a machine have a mind, mental
states and consciousness in the same
sense humans do? Can it feel how things
are?
These three questions reflect the
divergent interests of AI researchers,
cognitive scientists and philosophers
respectively. The scientific answers to
these questions depend the definition of
"intelligence" and "consciousness" and
consensus has now come under threat
and the agenda for the philosophy and
theory of AI must be set anew, redefining the relation between AI and
Cognitive Science.
We can re-claim the original vision of
general AI from the technical AI
disciplines; we can reject classical
cognitive science and replace it with a
new theory (e.g. embodied); or we can
try to find new ways to approach AI, for
example from neuroscience or from
systems theory. To do this, we must go
back to the basic questions on
computing, cognition and ethics for AI.
The 30 papers in this volume provide
cutting-edge work from leading
researchers that define where we stand
and where we should go from here.
4
ITP.1101 – IT Fundamentals
College of Information Technology and Computer Science
THE REFERENCES:
•
http://www.springer.com/engineering/robotics/book/978-3-642-31673-9
•
http://dsc.discovery.com/tv-shows/curiosity/topics/ways-artificial-intelligence-will-affect-our-lives.htm
•
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence
•
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_importance_of_artificial_intelligence
•
http://planet.infowars.com/technology/thehistory-of-artificial-intelligence
 https://www.google.com.ph/search?hl=fil&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1360&bih=667&q=artificial+intelligence&oq=artifi&gs_l=img.
1.0.0i19l10.4271.7029.0.8938.6.6.0.0.0.0.812.2844.0j1j1j1j0j1j2.6.0...0.0...1ac.1.18.img.YGmrFDtG5bQ
ITP.1101 – IT Fundamentals