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College of Information Technology and Computer Science ITP.1101– IT Fundamentals Laboratory Exercise #2 IT Magazine Name: BANGIACAN,SHERMAE K. Code/Schedule: ITP 1 MWF 4:00-5:25 Date: JUNE 24,2013 Terminal #: 6 Topic(s) Covered: Headers, Footers, Drop Cap, Watermarks, Diagrams, Shortcut Keys, Format Painter, Spelling and Grammar, Symbols, Special Characters, Thesaurus, and Bullets and Numbering Estimated Completion Time: 1-2 meeting Objectives: 1. To be familiar with the basic features of MS Word. 2. To be able to utilize the different features that MS Word is capable of. 3. To be able to create an IT Magazine using MS Word. Activity: ITP.1101 – IT Fundamentals College of Information Technology and Computer Science Choose one among the following IT topics and create a three-page back-to-back IT magazine that shall contain discussions of your chosen topic: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Embedded Computing Ubiquitous Computing Augmented Reality Cloud Computing Web 5.0 The Deep Web Touch Technologies Mobile Computing Artificial Intelligence Game Development Include pictures and/or tables to support your articles. Cite your resources. Print your newspaper and submit it to your instructor. Save a copy of your document in drive Z:, filename: Act2. Magazine Format: Page size Orientation Margin Alignment Column Text font style Text font size Spacing 8” x 13” Landscape All Sides - 1” Justified 4 – Column Bodoni MT Title – 12, Body - 10 Single ITP.1101 – IT Fundamentals College of Information Technology and Computer Science Laboratory Exercise Score Sheet Criteria Score 1. Conformance to the prescribed format 25 2. Comprehensive content of the research 25 3. Completeness of the activity 25 4. Question and answer 25 25 ITP.1101 – IT Fundamentals College of Information Technology and Computer Science ITP.1101 – IT Fundamentals College of Information Technology and Computer Science ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE DEFINITION: Artificial intelligence (AI) is technology and a branch of computer science that studies and develops intelligent machines and software. Major AI researchers and textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents. Elaine Rich: AI is the study of techniques for solving exponentially hard problems in polynomial time by exploiting knowledge about the problem domain. Herbert Simon: We call programs intelligent if they exhibit behaviors that would be regarded intelligent if they were exhibited by human beings. Douglas Baker: AI is the attempt to make computers do what people think computers cannot do. The branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans. The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior Software technologies that make a computer or robot perform equal to or better than normal human computational ability in accuracy, capacity, and speed. Two very different approaches rule-based systems (see expert system) and neural networks have produced increasingly powerful applications that make complex decisions, evaluate investment opportunities, and help in developing new products. Other uses include robotics, humanlanguage understanding, and computer vision. THE HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Mankind has long been curious about how the mind works and fascinated by intelligent machines. From Talos, the copper giant in Iliad, Pinocchio, the fairy wooden puppet acting like a real boy, and the early debates on the nature of the mind and thought by European philosophers and mathematicians, we can see people's desire to understand and even to create intelligence. The Birth of AI (1945-56) However, it wasn't until the postwar period (1945-1956) that Artificial Intelligence would emerge as a widely-discussed field. What propelled the birth of Artificial Intelligence were the arrival of modern computer technology and the arise of a critical mass. Pioneers such as Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy, Allen Newell, and Herbert Simon led their students in defining the new and promising field. The development of the modern computer technology effected the AI research tremendously. Many pioneers of AI broke away from the traditional approach of artificial neurons and decided that the human thought could be more efficiently emulated with modern digital computer. Those who did not accept digital computers as the new approach 1 ITP.1101 – IT Fundamentals College of Information Technology and Computer Science stayed in the parallel field of neural network. The Dawning Age of AI (195663) The Dartmouth Conference of 1956 brought AI to a new era. 1956-1963 represents the dawning of an intensive AI wave. During this period, major AI research centers such as Carnegie Mellon, MIT and its Lincoln Laboratory, Stanford, and IBM concentrated their work on two main themes. First, the attempt to limit the breadth of searches in trial-anderror problems led to the initiation of projects such as Logic Theorist (considered as the first AI program), Geometry Theorem Proved, and SAINT. Next, the study on computer learning includes projects on chess, checkers, and pattern recognition programs. Specialized list-processing AI languages such as LISP were also developed in MIT and other places in 1958. The Maturation of AI (1963-70) By mid 60's, AI had become the common goal of thousands of different studies. AI researchers utilized their programming techniques and the improved computers in pursuing various projects. However, the memories of computers during these years were still very limited. Perception and knowledge representation in computers became the theme of many AI researches. One representative project was the Blocks Micro World project carried out in MIT. Facing a collection of pure geometric shapes, the robots looked through cameras and interpreted what they had seen. Then, they would move about, manipulate blocks and express their perceptions, activities, and motivations. With the booming of AI, the rival science of artificial neural network would face the downfall especially after the exposure of basic flaws in its research in "Perceptron" by Minsky and Papert. The Specialization of Various AI Studies (1970's) Different AI-related studies had developed into recognizable specialties during the 70's. Edward Feigenbaum pioneered the research on expert systems; Roger Schank promoted language analysis with a new way of interpreting the meaning of words; Marvin Minksy propelled the field of knowledge representation a step further with his new structures for representing mental constructs; Douglas Lenat explored automatic learning and the nature of heuristics; David Marr improved computer vision; the authors of PROLOG language presented a convenient higher language for AI researches. The specialization of AI in the 70's greatly strengthened the backbone of AI theories. However, AI applications were still few and premature. The Unfulfilled Expectations (1980's) The 1980's was a period of roller coasting for AI. The antiscience tradition of the public was improved greatly following the appearance of Star Wars movies and the new popularity of the personal computers. XCON, the first expert system employed in industrial world, symbolized the budding of real AI application. Within four years, XCON had grown tenfold with an investment of fifty person-years in the program and an achievement of saving about forty million dollars in testing and manufacturing costs for the industrial clients. Following the brilliant success was the AI boom. The number of AI groups increased tremendously and in 1985, 150 companies spent about $1 billion altogether on internal AI groups. However, the fundamental AI algorithm was still unsatisfying. As Marvin Minsky warned the overconfident public: these seemingly intelligent programs simply make dumb decisions faster. Indeed, the warning foreshadowed the downfall of AI industry in late 80's. The replacing of LISP machines by standard microcomputers with AI software’s in the popular C language in 1987 and the instability of expert systems caused a painful transition on expert system industry; the computer vision industry also suffered from a big setback when Machine Vision International crashed in 1988; one other major loss was the failure in Autonomous Land Vehicle project (AI drivers + Robotics). The AI industry started recovering at the end of the 80's but learning from the 2 ITP.1101 – IT Fundamentals College of Information Technology and Computer Science past experience, public assumed a much more conservative view on AI ever since. Another notable event is the revisiting of neural network with the work done by the Parallel Distributed Processing Study Group. In 1989, about three hundred companies were founded to compete for the predicted $1 billion market for neural nets by the end of the century.AI Being Incorporated in War (early 1990's) The Persian Gulf War in the early 90's proved the importance of AI research for military use. Tasks as simple as packing a transport plane and as complicated as the timing and coordination of Operation Desert Storm were assisted by AI-oriented expert systems. Advanced weapons such as "cruise missiles" were equipped with technologies previously studies in different AI-related fields such as Robotics and Machine Vision. Two projects succession the Automated Land Vehicle project were the Pilot's Associate project (electronic copilot) and the Battle Management System project (military expert systems). New AI Applications (late 1990's) The victory of Deep Blue over chess champion Kasparov in 1996 led to a new summit of AI gaming. A new branch of expert systems has been expected to prosper as Genetic Engineering matures. Manipulating such gigantic knowledge base of human DNA map (Bioinformatics) will require very specialized algorithms and AI researches. An Overview AI is a result of the merge of philosophy, mathematics, psychology, neurology, linguistics, computer science, and many other fields. Furthermore, the application of AI relates to almost any fields. This variety gives AI an endless potential. A relatively young science, AI has made much progress in 50 years. Though fast-growing, AI has never actually caught up with all the expectation imposed on it. There are two reasons for public's over-confidence in AI. First, AI theories are often ingenious and subtle even fictional, implying much 3 futuristic applications. Second, AI, being incorporated with computer technology, is often expected to progress as fast as the computer technology. Conclusion ally, AI is a young, energetic, and attractive science. IMPORTANCE OF AI The importance of artificial intelligence is the ability to create a never-ending thought process and collective that could solve our problems. Accomplishing this by thinking of every possible solution. We are limited now by the number of people who can do this. With artificial intelligence, we could build computers, upon thousands of computers, that could all work in unison to solve our great and most dire problems. One example is global warming. Whether you believe we are the cause or not, the fact is that global temperatures are on the rise. We need a way out or around or an idea to slow the process down. We need something.... Artificial intelligence could, and should solve this faster than we are or could.... plan activity may not acquisition any agency to channelize their energies and accouter their expertise. Animal beings will be larboard with abandoned time. Secondly, replacing animal beings with robots in every acreage may not be a appropriate accommodation to make. There are abounding jobs that crave the animal touch. Able machines will absolutely not be able to acting for the caring behavior of hospital nurses or the able articulation of a doctor. Able machines may not be the appropriate best for chump service. One of the above disadvantages of able machines is that they cannot be 'human'. We ability be able to accomplish them think. But will we be able to accomplish them feel? Able machines will absolutely be able to plan for continued hours. But will they do it with dedication? Will they plan with devotion DISADVANTAGES OF AI If robots alpha replacing animal assets in every field, we will accept to accord with austere issues like unemployment in about-face arch to brainy depression, abjection and abomination in the society. Animal beings beggared of their ITP.1101 – IT Fundamentals College of Information Technology and Computer Science exactly which "machines" are under discussion. Important propositions in the philosophy of AI include: Turing's "polite convention": If a machine behaves as intelligently as a human being, then it is as intelligent as a human being. The Dartmouth proposal: "Every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it." Newell and Simon's physical symbol system hypothesis: "A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means of general intelligent action." Searle's strong AI hypothesis: "The appropriately programmed computer with the right inputs and outputs would thereby have a mind in exactly the same sense human beings have minds." Hobbes' mechanism: "Reason is nothing but reckoning." Can we make machines that think and act like humans or other natural intelligent agents? The answer to this question depends on how we see ourselves and how we see the machines in question. Classical AI and cognitive science had claimed that cognition is computation, and can thus be reproduced on other computing machines, possibly surpassing the abilities of human intelligence. This WAYS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE WILL AFFECT OUR LIVES Since the start of the 21st century, there's no question that mankind has made tremendous strides into the field of robotics. While modern robots can now replicate the movements and actions of humans, the next challenge lies in teaching robots to think for themselves and react to changing conditions. The field of artificial intelligence promises to give machines the ability to think analytically, using concepts and advances in computer science, robotics and mathematics. While scientists have yet to realize the full potential of artificial intelligence, this technology will likely have farreaching effects on human life in the years to come. Read on to learn about some of the surprising ways in which artificial intelligence impacts your life today, and see how it could change things in the future. While mankind has already made amazing strides into the field of artificial intelligence, there's much more to come in the future. THE PHILOSOPHY AND THEORY OF AI The philosophy of artificial intelligence attempts to answer such questions as: Can a machine act intelligently? Can it solve any problem that a person would solve by thinking? Are human intelligence and machine intelligence the same? Is the human brain essentially a computer? Can a machine have a mind, mental states and consciousness in the same sense humans do? Can it feel how things are? These three questions reflect the divergent interests of AI researchers, cognitive scientists and philosophers respectively. The scientific answers to these questions depend the definition of "intelligence" and "consciousness" and consensus has now come under threat and the agenda for the philosophy and theory of AI must be set anew, redefining the relation between AI and Cognitive Science. We can re-claim the original vision of general AI from the technical AI disciplines; we can reject classical cognitive science and replace it with a new theory (e.g. embodied); or we can try to find new ways to approach AI, for example from neuroscience or from systems theory. To do this, we must go back to the basic questions on computing, cognition and ethics for AI. The 30 papers in this volume provide cutting-edge work from leading researchers that define where we stand and where we should go from here. 4 ITP.1101 – IT Fundamentals College of Information Technology and Computer Science THE REFERENCES: • http://www.springer.com/engineering/robotics/book/978-3-642-31673-9 • http://dsc.discovery.com/tv-shows/curiosity/topics/ways-artificial-intelligence-will-affect-our-lives.htm • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence • http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_importance_of_artificial_intelligence • http://planet.infowars.com/technology/thehistory-of-artificial-intelligence https://www.google.com.ph/search?hl=fil&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=1360&bih=667&q=artificial+intelligence&oq=artifi&gs_l=img. 1.0.0i19l10.4271.7029.0.8938.6.6.0.0.0.0.812.2844.0j1j1j1j0j1j2.6.0...0.0...1ac.1.18.img.YGmrFDtG5bQ ITP.1101 – IT Fundamentals