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Week 1
Introduction to Anatomy
Expanded Studies
OBJECTIVES
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•
•
•
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Anatomical Terminology
Planes of section
Body cavities
Abdominopelvic cavities
Organ & organ systems
Rat dissection
REMINDER:
Anything in the
OBJECTIVES list
can be on the
Practical!
Objective 1
Anatomic Terminology
The language
of ANATOMY
Anatomical Position
Describe the anatomical position:
the body is erect
the feet are on the floor
toes forward
upper appendages are at the sides
palms forward
face forward
Regional Terms
Used to designate specific body areas
AXIAL
DIVISION
(Torso)
APPENDICULAR
DIVISION
(Limbs)
Otic
Occipital
Ox - sip it - alll
Acromial
A–crow-meal
A-chrome-eel
Ache-rowme-all
Brachial
Cervical
Sir - Vickle
Oh – tic
(Tic-Toc)
Oral
Scapular
Scapula bone
S-cap-yule-la
Skab-pew-la
Oral speech
Axillary
Axel-airy
Break-ye-all
Antebrachial
Ante
(anterior)
Frontal
“In FRONT of it ALL”
Orbital
“Eye ORB”
Orbit - all
Mammary
Mammillary
glands
Ma’am Mary
Olecranal
Olé-crane-all
“head of the elbow”
Palmar
Palm of
the hand
Pollux
Poll-lucks
Manus
MANual
Digital
Femoral
Femur bone
Fee-more
Sural
Sir-all
Calcaneal
Calcaneus bone
Cal-can-heal
CALLus-can-heal
Call-Cain-ye-all
Dig-it-all
Popliteal
Pop-lit-tea-all
Peroneal
Per-O’Neal
Fibular
Fibula bone
Fib-you-liar
Coxal
Carpal
Cocks-all
“Ox COX box”
Car-pool
Patellar
Carpal tunnel
syndrome
Crural
That’s a
“cruel” word
to pronounce
Pedal
Bike PEDAL
Patella bone
Pa-tell-her
Tarsal
Tarsal bones
Tar-sell
Digital
Dig-it-all
Nasal
NASAL sound
Buccal
Vertebral
“Buckle”
VERTEBRAL
column
Mental
(Think of the statue
of The Thinker w/
hand on chin)
Thoracic
Lumbar
Thoracic Cavity
Thor-’acid’
LUMBAR support
Antecubital
ANTErior
CUbe
Sacral
SACRed
Sternal
Sternum bone
Stir-’n-um
Abdominal
Abdomen
Umbilical
Pelvic
Umbilical
cord
Gluteal
Gluteus maximus
Glue-tea-all
Perineal
Per-any-all
Plantar
PLANT the foot down
Pubic
Self-explanatory
Pelvis
Inguinal
“PenGUIN”
Hallux
Hal-lucks
1
13
9
15
2
10
16
3
4
17
5
18
14
6
11
19
7
8
12
20
21
Directional Terms
Directional terms are
used to describe the
position of one
structure relative to the
position of another
structure.
Directional terms
always assume that the
body is in the
anatomic position.
Superior: above
Inferior: below
Cranial (Cephalic): toward the head
Caudal: toward the tail
The head is
superior to the neck.
The normal birth position for a
human baby is cephalic.
The bladder is
inferior to the stomach.
A caudal epidural is an injection
at the base of the spine.
Anterior: front
Posterior: behind
Ventral: belly side
Dorsal:
A tumor was found on the
ventral side of the stomach.
backside
The posterior surface of the
human leg is its dorsal surface.
What is the position of the gluteal region to the inguinal region? Posterior
What is the position of the sternum (breast bone) to the spine?
Anterior
Superficial (External):
toward the surface of the body
Deep (Internal):
away from the surface of the body
Superficial (External)
Deep (Internal)
The skin is superficial (external) to
The brain is
the bones.
deep (internal) to the skull.
Medial:
Lateral:
Intermediate:
toward the midline
away from the midline
between a medial and a lateral structure
Medial
Lateral
Intermediate
* Is the ear medial or lateral to the eye?
* What is the eye to the nose and ear?
Intermediate
Proximal:
toward the origin of a body part or attachment to the trunk
Distal:
away from the origin of a body part or its attachment to the
trunk
Proximal
Distal
Would the region of the femur (thigh bone) closest to the tibia (shin)
be the proximal or distal end of the femur?
* See skeleton
Another look…
(Ventral)
Note how some directional terms are applied differently to quadrupeds.
(Difference between Superior and Cephalic, for example)
Superior = Above
Dorsal = Backside
Front
Behind
Anterior
Cranial
(Cephalic)
Posterior
Caudal
the tail
the head
Inferior = Below
Ventral = Bellyside
Biped
vs.
Quadruped
SUPERIOR
CEPHALIC
A
N
T
E
R
I
C
E
P
H
A
L
I
C
DORSAL
V
E
N
T
R
A
L
D
O
R
S
A
L
P
C
A
U
D
A
L
O
S
T
E
R
VENTRAL
O
I
O
R
R
CAUDAL
INFERIOR
Objective 2
Planes (Sections)
An organism or organ
can be cut (sectioned)
along defined planes.
These planes are:
• Sagittal (para, mid)
• Transverse
• Frontal / Coronal
Sagittal:
divides a structure into right and left portions
Midsagittal:
produces equal right and left portions
Parasagittal:
produces unequal right and left portions
Head
Midsagittal
Midsagittal
(Median)
Parasagittal
Sagittal = Side
Thorax, female
Parasagittal
Midsagittal would
show the heart
Transverse:
divides a structure into superior and inferior portions;
also called a horizontal, or cross section
Brain
Thorax
Transverse = Top & Bottom
Frontal:
divides a structure into anterior and posterior portions;
also called coronal
Brain
Thorax
Frontal = Front & Back
Identify the plane of section of each:
Transverse /
Horizontal /
Cross section
Frontal
(Mid)sagittal
Frontal
If you do not understand
this one, please see the
diagrams of the heart in
your Textbook, Ch. 18.
Objective 3a
Body Cavities
A body cavity is a space
within the body that
contains organs (viscera).
Dorsal
Cavity
Ventral
Cavity
There are two major body
cavities:
• Dorsal Cavity
• Ventral Cavity
Dorsal Cavity: Includes the cranial cavity which houses the
brain and the spinal (vertebral) cavity which
houses the spinal cord
Cranial cavity
contains brain
Cranial
cavity
Vertebral
cavity
Vertebral
cavity
contains
spinal cord
Ventral Cavity: includes the thoracic cavity and the
abdominopelvic cavity
Thoracic
cavity
contains
heart
and lungs
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity: is subdivided into the
abdominal and pelvic cavities
Abdominal cavity
contains digestive
viscera
Pelvic cavity
contains bladder,
reproductive organs,
and rectum
Pelvic and Abdominal cavities
• The thoracic and
abdominopelvic cavities are
separated from one another by
the respiratory diaphragm
• The abdominal cavity and
the pelvic cavity are
separated from one another by
an imaginary line called the
pelvic inlet
– The boundaries of this
imaginary line are the bones
that make up the pelvis
Pelvic inlet
Pelvic
cavity
The Pelvic Inlet
Ventral Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
Superior to the diaphragm
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Inferior to the diaphragm
Viscera there include the
heart, lungs, thymus gland,
trachea, esophagus
Abdominal Cavity
Pelvic Cavity
Viscera there include
The stomach, liver,
Gall bladder, spleen,
Pancreas, kidney,
Ureters, small
Intestine, and most
Of the large intestine
Viscera there include
The urinary bladder,
Internal organs of
Reproduction, urethra
(in women), and
Some portions of the
Large intestine
Objective 3b
Abdominopelvic Regions
The abdomen is divided into 9 regions by four imaginary lines,
two vertical and two horizontal.
EPI = upon
GASTR = stomach
HYPO = below
beneath
CHONDRO = cartilage
LUMBAR = loins
(3-D)
ILIUM = upper pelvis
In which abdominopelvic region(s) does each organ reside?
Liver
Gall bladder
Vermiform
appendix
Spleen
Left
Kidney
Testis
Not inside the
ventral cavity
Objective 4
ORGANS & ORGAN SYSTEMS
Can you identify these body systems?
What is their function?
Name two organs in each system.
See Textbook for answers
Can you identify these body systems?
What is their function?
Name two organs in each system.
Can you identify these body systems?
What is their function?
Name two organs in each system.
Can you identify these body systems?
What is their function?
Name two organs in each system.
Objective 5
RAT DISSECTION
Many of the external and internal structures of the rat are quite similar
in structure and function to those of the human, so a study of the
gross anatomy of the rat should help you understand our own physical
structure.
Yes The rat will be on the practical, too
Some structures you will be identifying:
Cavity?
Thoracic
Cavity?
Abdominal
Different from human body:
Pay attention to:
- Thymus gland
- Respiratory Diaphragm
- Cecum & Large intestine
- Serous membrane
- Uterine horns
- Mesentary
Thymus
1 ?Gland
(Right) Lung
Heart
Respiratory3 Diaphragm
?
Liver
2?
Uterine horn
(pregnant)
Stomach
Intestines
trachea
esophagus
1?
ascending
aorta
2?
Superior
vena cava
heart
lung
lung
1?
pancreas
2?
(small)
cecum
(large)
urinary
bladder
testis
ovary
Got all that?
Time To pracTice….
Sample Questions
Identify the anatomical region indicated
?
Antecubital
Sample Questions
Identify the directional term
proximal
The patellar region is ________________
to the tarsal region.
Sample Questions
Identify the organ, organ system and its plane of section
(1)
1.
Kidney
2.
Urinary
3.
Frontal
(2)
(3)
Sample Questions
Identify the organ and the specific cavity it resides in
Spinal
Cord
Vertebra
l
Sample Questions
Identify the abdominopelvic region
Right
Hypochondriac
Sample Questions
Identify the organs
2
Adrenal
gland
1
Kidney