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Download Chapter 7: Ancient Rome (Notes and Study Guide)
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Name: ___________________________ Section:____________________ By the end of this chapter you will be able to… Identify key geographic features of Ancient Rome and explain their effect on the civilization. Describe the characteristics of the Roman Republic and why it was founded. Understand the causes for the decline of the Roman Republic and their impact on the society. Identify the key rulers of the Roman Empire and the empire’s conquered peoples. Explain the influence of Greece on Rome and explain their impact on the civilization. Explain the characteristics of Roman architecture and identify key icons of their architecture. Describe Rome’s code of justice and its impact on future civilizations. Describe the social classes that existed in Ancient Rome. Explain the characteristics of family life in Ancient Rome. Discuss the rise of Christianity in the empire and explain how it spreads throughout the empire and the resulting effects. Explain the reasons for the decline of the Roman Empire. Describe the events that marked the defeat of Rome. Remember that for each civilization we study you should understand… 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What affect did physical geography have on the civilization? What historical accomplishments are they known for? What were their beliefs and values? What forms of government did they have? How did they develop an economic system? Chapter 7 Vocabulary consul: patrician: plebeian: veto: dictator: province: Colosseum: aqueduct: villa: circus: gladiator: Jesus: messiah: disciple: epistle: martyr: Constantine: mercenary: inflation: Lesson 7.1 The Roman Republic p. 210-215 1. The legend about the founding of Rome tells the story about its founders, the twin brothers _____________ and ____________. Rome’s Geography 2. Rome’s geography makes it a good place for a city because it is located on seven ___________, which makes it __________ to defend. (Remember you want the high ground in battle!) 3. Rome had _____________ soil that was good from growing crops to feed the people as well as access to fresh ___________. 4. Rome was located at the center of a long, narrow ____________ known as _____________, which stretches into the ______________ sea which was at the center of the known _____________ world. (circle Rome on the map above and underline the sea). 5. The _____________ were the original settlers in the area of Rome. a. We know little about these people because historians and archaeologists depend on ___________ ____________ and ____________ to learn about the people of the past which have been destroyed over time. Also, we cannot understand most of the _______________ language, so we learn very little from the written records that still do exist. b. The Roman adopted some of the Etruscan _______, their use of the Greek ______________, and the toga. Romans Form a Republic 6. The Romans wanted a government that did not rely on _____ ruler so they created a _____________ where citizens have the right to vote for their leaders. 7. The Roman Republic is led by two chief official called ______________, however the most powerful part of the government is the ____________. a. Consuls ruled for ___ year and shared the power ____________. Because they shared the power they had to ___________ before anything could be passed in government. i. If an emergency arose and the consuls could not agree, a _____________ who had total control of the government was appointed to handle the emergency for _____ months. 8. At first you had to be a member of the _____________ class (upper class) to be a member of the senate, however by 367 B.C. a law was passed that allowed _______________ (ordinary citizens) to hold office. 9. The Patricians and Plebeians were in conflict with each other over ___________, position, and _________. a. The plebeians found themselves unemployed because the patricians had _____________ working their farms. b. When the plebeians refused to fight in the __________, patricians gave into their demand and allowed the creation of the __________ ____________, laws that applied to all citizens. 10. Despite the differences between their social classes, Romans were able to conquer C____________, S_________, Gr__________, and G___________. (Draw a box around these four locations on the map). The Decline of the Republic 11. By 120 B.C. Rome was about to fall apart until ___________________ arose as leader. 12. Although Caesar became _____________ of Rome, his rule lasted for longer than ___ months. 13. Many Romans were against the rule of Julius Caesar because members of the senate felt that he had too much ___________ and had gone too far in gaining that ____________. 14. After Julius Caesar’s murder by the _________ members, ________ war broke out and ______________ became the first ____________ or Rome. 15. The Roman Republic lasted for ______ years until Augustus came power and the Roman _______________ was born. The Roman Soldier 16. A Roman soldier served for _____ years during which time they were forbidden to __________ to ensure that they would remain loyal to the army. 17. A scout traveled ahead of the legion looking for a __________________________ on land that was _______ and preferably close to a _________________. 18. At a camp the soldiers built _____________ and ______________ for protection from attack. 19. Why do you think the Roman Soldiers developed a strong sense of loyalty to the army during their service? _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Lesson 7.2 The Roman Empire p. 218-223 1. Preview the pictures and the headings in this section. From only those things, what do you think are some characteristics of the Roman Empire? __________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Ruling an Empire 2. Rome’s first emperor was ___________________ who ruled during a time of stability and prosperity in Rome known as ______________________ which lasted for about 200 years. a. He came to power after ______________________ and ruled with respect towards the ____________ so as not to act like a king. 3. As Rome spread with the conquering of new lands, the empire was divided into ____________, each with its own _____________ governor supported by an army. a. Romans generally did not interfere with conquered peoples’ lives but just kept __________________________ as long as there was peace. i. They did this so that the land would be peaceful and the people of the new territories would _________________________________________. ii. Many of the conquered people _____________ Roman ways and learned to speak ______________, the language of the Romans and also worshiped their gods. 4. After Augustus died good, bad, and terrible emperors ruled for the next ______ years until AD 96 when Rome entered a time called the age of ______________________ who gained support of the senate and ruled fairly. a. Hadrian was one of the 5 “good emperors” because he worked hard to create a good _____________, pass laws to protect _____________, ____________, and __________ and allowed soldiers to protect their own _____________ in addition to encouraging ______________. The Greek Influence on Rome 5. Both the Greeks and the Romans were _____________________ (worshipped more than one god) and offered _______________ and _____________ to their gods. 6. The Roman gods had many of the same ____________ as the Greek Gods. (Remember the Gods/Goddesses poster activity). 7. The Romans also adopted _______________ from Greek mythology. 8. In addition to many religious influences the Romans borrowed from the Greeks, they also used Greek ideas to develop their ______________ and ________________ skills. Architecture and Technology 9. Although the Romans studied Greek sculptures, the Roman statues were both ________________ and ____________than those of the Greeks. a. Romans buildings were heavier because they developed a new building material known as ______________, from a mix of stone, sand, cement, and water. b. Romans were able to build larger, stronger structures using the concrete because they developed the use of the ________________. i. The curved structure supports the weight over an ___________. Examples of the arches can be seen in ______________ that carry water, bridges, monuments, and buildings like the __________________. 10. The ______________ is one of the most famous buildings from ancient Rome and was used for contests and combats between people and animals. a. The floor could even be ______________ for mock _________ battles. 11. Romans also developed _____________ that were stronger and lasted longer. a. In ancient Rome all the major _______ led to Rome. b. The Roman road system covered a distance equal to ______________________________________________. 12. The Romans built ______________ to bring fresh water to the city, from the _____________________. Once it reached the city it was deposited into a _____________________ and then carried to public baths and fountains. a. The aqueducts were huge lines of ____________, often many miles long. (pg. 222) b. The water stayed fresh in the aqueducts because 80% (4 out of 5) of the aqueducts ran _____________to keep dirt and animals out. The Laws of Rome 13. Roman laws spread throughout the _____________ and were passed down to other _____________. 14. How do the laws in the Justinian code compare to the laws of today? _____________ _________________________________________________________________ Lesson 7.3 Roman Daily Life p. 224-228 1. From the introduction to the section, do you think Rome Would be a good or bad place to live? ______________ Why? ________________________________________ Roman Social Classes 2. Which social class was larger, the rich or the poor? ______ 3. Complete the chart below comparing the two social classes. Rich Owned large, luxurious ______________ in the city and the countryside Ate meals called ___________ with exotic foods Often owned many _____________ Poor Lived in cramped _______________ buildings without ________________ Ate mostly ______________ Many were jobless or were _______________ 4. To prevent ___________from the poor citizens, the government provided free grain as well as shows known as ____________ that were held in the Colosseum. a. Highlights of shows at the Colosseum were fights between ______________, many of which were slaves who had been captured in battle. i. Gladiator battles ended when a gladiator was _____ or __________ or _______________ and on the ground. The Roman Family 5. Romans valued ____________ life so much that the ______________ supported the family in several ways (usually only members of the upper class). a. Ex: fathers of three or more children got ________ from the government. 6. A woman’s status depended on the _____________ and __________ of her male relatives. a. In general, women could not gain ___________ on their own, usually only if they were related to powerful men. 7. Complete the chart below about the rights of men and women in ancient Rome. Men Had ___________ power over their families Could participate in __________________ Women Rights were based on the _____________ wealth and status Wealthy women had a strong influence on their ________________ Slavery in Rome 8. Slavery was ____________ in ancient Rome, almost every wealthy family owned _______________ and sometimes even _________ families owned a ___________. 9. Some slaves were important in the _______________ and therefore were treated nicely and lived comfortable lives, while others worked brutal jobs in _______________ conditions. 10. Slaves had almost _____ rights. 11. Some slaves were able to save _______ and __________ and eventually buy their ______________. Slaves that were able to do this were often ________________ or _______________ racers. Lesson 7.4 Christianity and the Roman Empire p. 229-233 1. ____________ was the founder of Christianity which spread throughout the Roman Empire. The Beginning of Christianity 2. As long as the conquered people showed loyalty towards the Roman gods and to the ______________, they were allowed to keep their language, _____________, and religion. 3. When the Romans conquered the _____________ homeland they were tolerant of their religious beliefs, but despite their tolerance the Jews _____________ foreign rule and began to oppose _____________ rule. 4. Jesus was a _______________ carpenter who was born in __________ who some believed was a ______________, or savior. a. He taught that God was loving and forgiving and that those who followed Jesus’ teachings would have everlasting _________ after death. b. His teachings caused unrest and officials were afraid he would lead a ___________ against the Empire. As a result the Romans put him to _______. 5. Some Jewish people resented Roman rule because the Jews wanted to __________ their own land and did not want to _____________ Roman gods or the ___________. 6. The _____________ gave people a lasting record of what Jesus said and did. It allowed his ideas to spread around the ______________ more easily, without greatly changing their meaning. Christianity Spread 7. As the Greek people began accepting the teachings of Jesus they began calling him _____________. a. After his death his followers, called ___________, spread the religion. 8. One of the most devoted followers of Jesus was ________, who changed his name to ____________ after he supposedly have a vision in Jesus spoke to him. a. Paul spread Christianity to cities around the ________________ and some of the ____________ (epistles) he wrote to Christian groups in the Roman ___________ became part of the ____________. 9. Since many Christians refused to worship Roman gods or the ___________, many Roman officials began to view them as enemies of the ____________ leading emperor _____________ to lead the first official campaign against the ______________. a. Nero blamed the ______________ for a disastrous _______ that destroyed much of _________, and he had many Christians arrested and killed. 10. As the Romans and Christians continued to oppose each other, the Roman __________ began to loose its power and some blamed the ______________. a. Despite the opposition, Christianity continued to _____________ to spread. 11. Christianity appealed to many people because it offered hope for a better life after __________ and people were attracted by the help that Christian _________ offered to widows, _________, and the poor. 12. By the A.D. 200’s over ____________ Romans had accepted the Christian faith. 13.Lesson 7.5 The Fall of Rome p. 236-240 1. Emperor ______________ (pictured to the right) is known for strongly encouraging the spread of Christianity throughout the _____________ Empire. The Decline of the Empire 2. By the time _____________________ took power, the Roman Empire was on the edge of ____________ and about to fall. 3. Historians do not agree on any one main _____________ for the decline, but is a combination of the following things. a. Weak, Corrupt Rulers #1 i. Emperors were often ____________, not _________________. They stole _____________ from the treasury to make themselves _____________. b. A Mercenary Army #2 i. The army was now made of _______________, foreigners who only served for pay, not to defend their own land, therefore they had no _____________ to the cause. (They are just doing a job, not fighting for what they believe in. It’s like paying someone to fight your battles for you…they just want to come out with few injuries and alive, they don’t care as much about the outcome). #3 c. The Size of the Empire i. The Empire had grown too ____________ to be ruled from one __________. ii. Many conquered areas now regained their __________________ and the Roman army now had to spend its time ___________________________________ instead of extending its ______________________________________. #4 d. Serious Economic Problems i. There were no new sources of ___________ available. ii. The empire struggled to pay its ______________ and raised __________ during a time when the empire suffered sever ___________________. iii. __________ was in short supply, so the price went up on that too. iv. There was more ____________ in circulation, so it had less 4. Some emperors like ______________ tried to stop the decline of the empire by doing things like building new _______, enlarging the _______, and strengthening the border. He even tried to divide the empire in _________ to make it easier to control. The Romans Accept Christianity 5. Under _________________, Christianity would become the official religion of the ____________________. a. Constantine worked to strengthen the ____________________, which he claimed was the religion that his army win the battle for control of ___________. b. Constantine moved the capital to the city Byzantium, and renamed it _____________________. The Defeat of Rome 6. Although Constantine worked to keep the empire together , forces pulling it apart were too _____________. 7. In A.D. 400’s the ___________________ overwhelmed the empire, captured _______________ and took control. 8. After Rome fell, the _______________ part of the empire remained __________ and __________________ remained the capital and became the center of the _________________ Empire, for another thousand years. Chapter 7 study guide Ancient Rome 1. Because the Roman government was led by two men, how was the power split? 2. Why was Augustus able to gain Power in Rome? 3. Roman law was based on the idea of _____________. 4. Describe the majority of Roman citizens. 5. How did Romans treat the people in areas that they captured if they were peaceful? 6. Why did Rome suffer serious economic problems? 7. What was the importance of Rome’s geographic setting? 8. In ancient Rome, most people lived in ___________________. 9. Why is Roman law important to us today? 10. What was important about Constantine’s rule in regards to religion? 11. Where did Constantine move the capital to? What did he rename it as? 12. List and explain the reasons for the decline of the Roman Empire. (Short Answer) 13. Who are the Patricians and Plebeians? What is a similarity between the two groups? What is a major difference? 14. What is the Colosseum? What was it used for? 15. What is important about Roman architecture? 16. Review the geography of Ancient Rome.