Download all-or-nothing principle

Chapter 2
The Brain and Behavior
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This
document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
1
Chapter Preview
• The nervous system
• Neurons
• Structures of the brain and their functions
• The endocrine system
• Brain damage, plasticity, and repair
• Genetics and behavior
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
2
Nervous System
• Electrochemical communication circuitry
• Neuroscience
• Neuroscientists
• Billions of communicating cells
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
3
Nervous System: Characteristics
• Complexity
• Integration
• Adaptability
• Plasticity
• Electrochemical Transmission
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
4
Nervous System: Pathways
• Afferent Nerves
• Sensory nerves
• Information to brain and spinal cord
• Efferent Nerves
• Motor nerves
• Information out of brain and spinal cord
• Neural Networks
• Integration of sensory input and motor output
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
5
Nervous System: Primary Divisions
• Central Nervous System (CNS)
• Brain and Spinal Cord
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• Network of nerves connecting CNS to body
• Two subdivisions:
• Somatic nervous system
• Autonomic nervous system
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
6
Nervous System: PNS Divisions
• Somatic nervous system
• Sensory information from skin and muscles to CNS
• Autonomic nervous system
• Messages to and from internal organs
• Two subdivisions:
• Sympathetic nervous system  arousing
• Parasympathetic nervous system  calming
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
7
Nervous System: Stress
• “Fight or flight” reaction
• Function of sympathetic nervous system
• Corticosteroids
• Stress hormones
• Acute stress is momentary
• Chronic stress is continuous
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
8
Nervous System: Cells
• Neurons
• Nerve cells
• Information processing
• Glial cells
• Support
• Nutritional benefits
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
9
Neurons: Structure
• Cell body
• Contains nucleus
• Dendrites
• Fibers projecting from neuron
• Axon
• Carries information from cell body toward other
cells
• Myelin sheath
• Layer of fat cells, encasing and insulating most
axons
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
10
Figure 2.2 - The Neuron
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
11
Neural Impulse
• Resting potential
• Stable, negative charge of inactive neuron
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
12
Figure 2.3 - The Resting Potential
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
13
Neural Impulse
• Action potential
• Brief, positive electrical charge, or firing
• Abides by the all-or-nothing principle: Once
the electrical impulse reaches its threshold, it
fires and moves down the axon without losing
any of its intensity
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
14
Figure 2.4 - The Action Potential
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
15
Synapses and Neurotransmitters
• Synapses
• Space between neurons (synaptic gap)
• Neurotransmitters
• Stored in synaptic vesicles (sacs) within terminal
buttons
• Chemical signals which allow electrical impulses to
cross synaptic gaps
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
16
Figure 2.5 - How Synapses and
Transmitters Work
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
17
Neurochemical Messengers
• Neurotransmitters are excitatory, inhibitory, or
both
• Acetylcholine (ACh)
• Stimulates firing of neurons
• Involved in action of muscles, learning, memory
• Alzheimer disease: ACh deficiency
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
18
Neurochemical Messengers
• Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
• Keeps many neurons from firing
• Anxiety: Low levels of GABA
• Norepinephrine
•
•
•
•
Inhibits firing of neurons in CNS
Excites heart muscle, intestines, urogenital tract
Depression: Too little norepinephrine
Agitated, manic states: Too much norepinephrine
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
19
Neurochemical Messengers
• Dopamine
•
•
•
•
Helps to control voluntary movement
Affects sleep, mood, attention, learning, rewards
Parkinson disease: Low levels of dopamine
Schizophrenia: High levels of dopamine
• Serotonin
• Involved in regulation of sleep, mood, attention,
learning
• Depression: Lowered levels of serotonin
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
20
Neurochemical Messengers
• Endorphins
• Natural opiates that mainly stimulate firing of
neurons
• Shield body from pain
• Elevate feelings of pleasure
• Oxytocin
• Hormone and neurotransmitter
• Important role in experience of love and social
bonding
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
21
Drugs and Neurotransmitters
• Drugs influence behavior by interfering with
neurotransmitters
• Agonist
• Drug that mimics or increases effects of
neurotransmitter
• Antagonist
• Drug that blocks effects of neurotransmitter
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
22
Studying the Brain
• Brain lesioning
• Abnormal disruption in the tissue of the brain
resulting from injury or disease
• Electrical recording
• Detects brain wave activity
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
23
Brain Imaging
• X-ray
images
• CT (or CAT) scan
images
• PET scan
• MRI
• f MRI

two-dimensional

three-dimensional



metabolic changes
brain structure
brain function
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
24
Organization of the Brain
• Hindbrain
• Adjacent to top part of spinal cord
• Midbrain
• Rises above hindbrain
• Forebrain
• Uppermost region of brain
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
25
Figure 2.11 - Structure and
Regions in the Human Brain
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
26
Hindbrain
• Medulla
• Controls vital functions
• Breathing and heart rate
• Regulates reflexes
• Cerebellum
• Motor coordination
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
27
Hindbrain
• Pons
• Sleep and arousal
• Brain stem
• Includes much of hindbrain (but not cerebellum)
and midbrain
• Determines alertness
• Regulates basic survival functions
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
28
Midbrain
• Reticular formation
• Involved in stereotyped patterns of behavior, such
as walking and sleeping
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
29
Forebrain
• Limbic system
• Thalamus
• Basal ganglia
• Hypothalamus
• Cerebral cortex
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
30
Forebrain: Limbic System
• Important in both memory and emotion
• Two principal structures
• Amygdala
• Discrimination of objects necessary for survival
• Hippocampus
• Has special role in storage of memories
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
31
Forebrain: Thalamus & Basal
Ganglia
• Thalamus
• Serves as relay station for information
• Basal ganglia
• Works with cerebellum and cerebral cortex
• Controls and coordinates voluntary movements
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
32
Forebrain: Hypothalamus
• Monitors:
• Eating, drinking, and sex
• Emotion, stress, and reward
• Helps direct endocrine system
• Regulator of body’s internal state
• Involved in pleasurable feelings
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
33
Forebrain: Cerebral Cortex
• Occipital lobes
• Responding to visual stimuli
• Temporal lobes
• Hearing, language processing, memory
• Frontal lobes
• Personality, intelligence, control of voluntary
muscles
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
34
Forebrain: Cerebral Cortex
• Parietal lobes
• Registering spatial location, attention, motor
control
• Somatosensory cortex
• Located at front of parietal lobes
• Processes information about body sensations
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
35
Forebrain: Cerebral Cortex
• Motor cortex
• Located just behind frontal lobes
• Processes information about voluntary movement
• Association cortex
• Makes up 75% of cerebral cortex
• Integrates information
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
36
Figure 2.15 - The Cerebral
Cortex’s Lobes and Association Areas
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
37
Cerebral Hemispheres
• Corpus callosum
• Large bundle of axons connecting brain’s two
hemispheres
• Relays information between two sides
• Left Hemisphere
• Receives information from right side of body
• Language processing, such as speech and
grammar
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
38
Cerebral Hemispheres
• Right Hemisphere
• Receives information from left side of body
• Processing nonverbal information, such as spatial
perception, visual recognition, and emotion
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
39
Figure 2.18 – Corpus Callosum
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
40
Endocrine System
• Endocrine system
• Set of glands that regulate activities of certain
organs
• Glands
• Organs or tissues that create chemicals that
control bodily functions
• Hormones
• Chemical messengers produced by endocrine
glands
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
41
Endocrine System
• Pituitary gland
• Controls growth and regulates other glands
• Thyroid and parathyroid glands
• Adrenal glands
• Regulate mood, energy level, and ability to cope
with stress
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
42
Endocrine System
• Pancreas
• Performs digestive and endocrine functions
• Ovaries and testes
• Produce hormones related to sexual development
and reproduction
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
43
Brain Damage, Plasticity, and
Repair
• Collateral sprouting
• Axons of healthy neurons adjacent to damaged
cells grow new branches
• Substitution of function
• Damaged region’s function is taken over by
another brain area
• Neurogenesis
• New neurons are generated
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
44
Brain Tissue Implants
• Brain grafts
• Implants of healthy tissue into damaged brains
• Stem cells
• Primitive cells with capacity to develop into most
types of human cells
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
45
Genetics and Behavior
• Chromosomes
• Threadlike structures containing DNA
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• Complex molecule that carries genetic information
• Genes
• Units of hereditary information
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
46
Genetics and Behavior
• Genome
• Complete set of genetic instructions for making an
organism
• Human genome project
• International research program mapping human
genome
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
47
Figure 2.22 - Cells, Chromosomes,
Genes, and DNA
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
48
The Study of Genetics
• Dominant-recessive genes principle
• Dominant gene overrides recessive gene
• Polygenic inheritance
• Influence of multiple genes on behavior
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
49
The Study of Genetics
• Molecular genetics
• Manipulation of genes using technology to
determine their effect on behavior
• Selective breeding
• Genetic method used to demonstrate importance
of genetic influence on behavior
• Reared in one of two environments:
• An impoverished environment
• An enriched environment
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
50
The Study of Genetics
• Behavior genetics
• Study of degree and nature of heredity’s influence
on behavior
• Twin Studies
• Identical vs. fraternal twins
• Minnesota study of twins reared apart (1996)
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
51
Genes and the Environment
• Genotype
• Genetic heritage
• Phenotype
• Observable characteristics
• Influenced by genotype and environmental factors
• Genetic expression
• Activity of genes is affected by their environment
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized
instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document
may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a
website, in whole or part.
52