Download 3-4 Teacher

Biology
Biology
Slide
1 of 21
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13-3 Cell Transformation
Recombinant DNA
Host Cell DNA
Target gene
Modified Host Cell DNA
Slide
2 of 21
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13-3 Cell Transformation
Transforming Bacteria
What happens during cell transformation?
Slide
3 of 21
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13-3 Cell Transformation
Transforming Bacteria
During transformation, a cell takes in DNA
from outside the cell. The external DNA
becomes a component of the cell's DNA.
Slide
4 of 21
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13-3 Cell Transformation
Transforming Bacteria
Foreign DNA is first joined to a small, circular DNA
molecule known as a plasmid.
Plasmids are found naturally in some bacteria and
have been very useful for DNA transfer.
Slide
5 of 21
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13-3 Cell Transformation
Transforming Bacteria
The plasmid has a genetic marker—a gene that
makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the
plasmid (and the foreign DNA) from those that don't.
Slide
6 of 21
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13-3 Cell Transformation
Transforming Bacteria
Recombinant
DNA
Gene for human
growth hormone
Gene for human
growth hormone
Human Cell
Bacterial
chromosome
DNA
Sticky
ends
recombination
DNA
insertion
Bacteria cell
Plasmid
Bacteria cell
containing gene
for human growth
hormone
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide
7 of 21
End Show
13-3 Cell Transformation
Transforming Plant Cells
Transforming Plant Cells
How can you tell if a transformation
experiment has been successful?
Slide
8 of 21
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13-3 Cell Transformation
Transforming Plant Cells
If transformation is successful, the
recombinant DNA is integrated into one
of the chromosomes of the cell.
Slide
9 of 21
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13-3 Cell Transformation
Transforming Plant Cells
In nature, a bacterium exists that produces tumors
in plant cells.
Researchers can inactivate the tumor-producing
gene found in this bacterium and insert a piece of
foreign DNA into the plasmid.
The recombinant plasmid can then be used to
infect plant cells.
Slide
10 of 21
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13-3 Cell Transformation
Transforming Plant Cells
When their cell walls are removed, plant cells in
culture will sometimes take up DNA on their own.
DNA can also be injected directly into some cells.
Cells transformed by either procedure can be
cultured to produce adult plants.
Slide
11 of 21
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13-3 Cell Transformation
Gene to be
transferred
Transforming Plant Cells
Agrobacterium
tumefaciens
Inside plant cell,
Agrobacterium
inserts part of its
DNA into host
cell
chromosome.
Cellular
DNA
Recombinant
plasmid
Plant cell
colonies
Transformed bacteria
introduce plasmids into
plant Copyright
cells.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Complete plant
generated from
transformed cell.
Slide
12 of 21
End Show
13-3 Cell Transformation
Transforming Animal Cells
Transforming Animal Cells
Many egg cells are large enough that DNA can be
directly injected into the nucleus.
Enzymes may help to insert the foreign DNA into
the chromosomes of the injected cell.
DNA molecules used for transformation of animal
and plant cells contain marker genes.
Slide
13 of 21
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13-3 Cell Transformation
Transforming Animal Cells
DNA molecules can be constructed with two ends
that will sometimes recombine with specific
sequences in the host chromosome.
The host gene normally found between those two
sequences may be lost or replaced with a new gene.
Slide
14 of 21
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13-3 Cell Transformation
Transforming Animal Cells
Recombinant DNA
Flanking sequences
match host
Recombinant DNA
replaces target gene
Target gene
Modified Host Cell DNA
Slide
15 of 21
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13-3
Click to Launch:
Continue to:
- or -
Slide
16 of 21
End Show
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
13-3
Plasmids can be used to transform
a. bacteria only.
b. plant cells only.
c. plant, animal, and bacterial cells.
d. animal cells only.
Slide
17 of 21
End Show
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
13-3
An unknowing pioneer in the concept of cell
transformation was
a. Luther Burbank.
b. Frederick Griffith.
c. Oswald Avery.
d. James Watson.
Slide
18 of 21
End Show
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
13-3
One reason plasmids are useful in cell
transformation is that they
a. are found in all types of cells.
b. prevent gene replication.
c. counteract the presence of foreign DNA.
d. have genetic markers indicating their
presence.
Slide
19 of 21
End Show
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
13-3
A common method of determining whether
bacteria have taken in a recombinant plasmid is
to
a. introduce them into plant cells.
b. introduce them into animal cells.
c. treat them with an antibiotic.
d. mix them with other bacteria that do not have
the plasmid.
Slide
20 of 21
End Show
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
13-3
Successful transformation of an animal or a
plant cell involves
a. the integration of recombinant DNA into the
cell’s chromosome.
b. changing the cell’s chromosomes into
plasmids.
c. treating the cell with antibiotics.
d. destroying the cell wall in advance.
Slide
21 of 21
End Show
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
END OF SECTION
Biology
Biology
Slide
23 of 24
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13–4 Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Slide
24 of 24
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13–4 Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Transgenic Organisms
Transgenic Organisms
An organism described as transgenic, contains
genes from other species.
Slide
25 of 24
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13–4 Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Transgenic Organisms
How are transgenic organisms useful to
human beings?
Slide
26 of 24
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13–4 Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Transgenic Organisms
Genetic engineering has spurred the
growth of biotechnology.
Slide
27 of 24
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13–4 Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Transgenic Organisms
Transgenic Microorganisms
Transgenic bacteria produce important substances
useful for health and industry. Transgenic bacteria
have been used to produce:
• insulin
• growth hormone
• clotting factor
Slide
28 of 24
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13–4 Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Transgenic Organisms
Transgenic Animals
Transgenic animals have been used to study
genes and to improve the food supply.
Mice have been produced with human genes that
make their immune systems act similarly to those
of humans. This allows scientists to study the
effects of diseases on the human immune system.
Slide
29 of 24
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13–4 Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Transgenic Organisms
Researchers are trying to
produce transgenic
chickens that will be
resistant to the bacterial
infections that can cause
food poisoning.
Slide
30 of 24
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13–4 Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Transgenic Organisms
Transgenic Plants
Transgenic plants are now an important part of our
food supply.
Many of these plants contain a gene that produces
a natural insecticide, so plants don’t have to be
sprayed with pesticides.
Ex) Bt Corn
Slide
31 of 24
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13–4 Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Cloning
Dolly and Bonnie
Cloning
A clone is a member of
a population of
genetically identical
cells produced from a
single cell.
In 1997, Ian Wilmut
cloned a sheep called
Dolly.
Slide
32 of 24
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13–4 Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Cloning
Cloning Dolly
Donor Nucleus
Fused cell
Egg Cell
Embryo
Cloned
Lamb
Foster Mother
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Slide
33 of 24
End Show
13–4 Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Cloning
Cloning Dolly
Slide
34 of 24
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13–4 Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Cloning
Cloning Dolly
Slide
35 of 24
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13–4 Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Cloning
Cloning Dolly
Slide
36 of 24
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13–4 Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Cloning
Cloning Dolly
Slide
37 of 24
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13–4 Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Cloning
Cloning Dolly
Slide
38 of 24
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13–4 Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Cloning
Cloning Dolly
Slide
39 of 24
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13–4 Applications of Genetic
Engineering
Cloning
Researchers hope cloning will enable them to make
copies of transgenic animals and help save
endangered species.
Studies suggest that cloned animals may suffer from
a number of genetic defects and health problems.
Why do you think this is so?
Slide
40 of 24
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
End Show
13–4
Click to Launch:
Continue to:
- or -
Slide
41 of 24
End Show
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
13–4
Insulin-dependent diabetes can now be treated
with insulin produced through the use of
a. transgenic plants.
b. transgenic animals.
c. transgenic microorganisms.
d. transgenic fungi.
Slide
42 of 24
End Show
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
13–4
Transgenic tobacco plants that glow in the dark
were produced by transferring the gene for
luciferase from a
a. clone.
b. bacterium.
c. firefly.
d. jellyfish.
Slide
43 of 24
End Show
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
13–4
The first mammal to be cloned was a
a. sheep.
b. horse.
c. dog.
d. cat.
Slide
44 of 24
End Show
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
13–4
In producing a cloned animal, an egg cell is
taken from a female and its nucleus is removed.
A body cell is taken from a male. The clone from
this experiment will
a. look just like the female.
b. be genetically identical to the male.
c. have a mixture of characteristics from both
animals.
d. resemble neither the male nor the female.
Slide
45 of 24
End Show
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
13–4
Animals produced by cloning have been shown
to
a. all be perfectly healthy.
b. suffer from a number of health problems.
c. live longer than uncloned animals.
d. be less intelligent than uncloned animals.
Slide
46 of 24
End Show
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
END OF SECTION