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Transcript
Chapter 2 Study Guide 1. What are the different types of energy? Kinetic, mechanical, potential, radiant, electrical, chemical 2. Which sub-atomic particle determines the reactivity and how? Electronsthe outermost electron shell determines the reactivity of the element 3. Define cation & ion. anions gain electrons & therefore have a negative charge cations lose electrons & therefore have a positive charge 4. What is the difference b/t non-polar covalent bonds & polar covalent bonds? non-polar covalent bond forms when atoms equally share electrons polar covalent bond forms if atoms do not equally share electrons 5. What are hydrogen bonds & what are 2 reasons they are important? What characteristic do hydrogen bonds allow water to have? weak bonds that form when a H bound to an electron hungry N/O atom is attracted by another electron hungry atom since hydrogen bonds they can be easily broken & easily reformed; help hold DNA bases together 6. Describe the different types of rxns: synthesis, decomposition, exchange, dehydration, & hydrolysis synthesis rxns=A+BAB; involve bond formation & therefore energy storageenergy absorbed/used decomposition rxns=ABA+B; bonds are broken & energy is released exchange rxns=AB+CDAD+CB; therefore involve both bond formation & bond destruction dehydration rnx=monomer + monomer=polymer water hydrolysis=polmer +water=monomer + monomer 7. What is the main difference b/t inorganic & organic compounds? organic compounds contain Carbon 8. What are the unique characteristics of water? high heat capacitycan absorb & release large amts of heat polarity/solvent propertiesuniversal solvent;acts a transport exchange medium in the body chemical reactivity H2O is a reactant in some chem rxns 9. Why are salts important? What do they become when dissolved in body fluids? salts easily separate into their ions when dissolved in body fluidsdissociation electrolytessubstances that conduct an electrical current in soln 10. In terms of protons what is the difference between an acid & a base? acidssubst. that releases H+ ions when placed in H2O; proton donor basessubst that releases OH- ions when placed in H2O; proton acceptor 11. Explain the relationship between H+ & OH- for acids & bases. more H+=acidic & more OH-=basic 12. Why are buffers important? subst/chem that maintain the pH of body fluids; acids are constantly being produced & have to be removed from the body 13. What is the relationship between monomers & polymers? monomers make up polymers 14. What are the f(x)s of carbs, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids? carbs=main energy source & some structural support lipids=energy storage, insulation, & protection nucleic acids=store & transmit genetic info; contain info for producing proteins proteins= structural support; movement; transport proteins; enzymes; buffering proteins; coordination & control; antibodies, clotting proteins 15. Why is cholesterol an important component of the cell membrane? allows cell memb to slide & change shape as needed 16. Be able to label/recognize the components of an AA. What is the importance of the R group? R group makes ea amino acid unique 17. What are the f(x)s of fibrous & globular proteins? fibrous proteinsstrandlike & also called structural proteins bc they most often appear in body structures; stable globular proteinsfunctional proteins bc they are involved in all biological processes f(x) is determined by the presence of active sites on their surface that fit & interact w/other molecules; mobile 18. Define catalyst; how do they work?-->substrate-active site subst that increases the rate of a chem rxn w/o becoming part of the prod/being changed itself; enzymes bind & hold the reacting molecules which are called substrates in place for chem interaction; while bound the substrates undergo structural changes=new prod 19. What are the basic components of a nucleic acid? 3 parts: 5C sugar, phosphate grp, & N base 20. How does hemoglobin act both as a transport protein & a buffering protein? hemoglobin carries O2 & CO2 throughout the body; it helps maintain blood pH by removing CO2 21. How can energy have both kinetic & potential properties? potential energy-->energy is inactive/stored kinetic energy-->energy that actually does work energy is stored in the bonds that hold molecules together; when those bonds are broken, the energy is released and is then available to do work.