Download Chapter 2APa Study Guide

Chapter 2 Study Guide
1. What are the different types of energy? Kinetic, mechanical, potential, radiant, electrical, chemical
2. Which sub-atomic particle determines the reactivity and how? Electronsthe outermost electron
shell determines the reactivity of the element
3. Define cation & ion.
anions gain electrons & therefore have a negative charge
cations lose electrons & therefore have a positive charge
4. What is the difference b/t non-polar covalent bonds & polar covalent bonds?
non-polar covalent bond forms when atoms equally share electrons
polar covalent bond forms if atoms do not equally share electrons
5. What are hydrogen bonds & what are 2 reasons they are important? What characteristic do hydrogen
bonds allow water to have?
weak bonds that form when a H bound to an electron hungry N/O atom is attracted by another
electron hungry atom
since hydrogen bonds they can be easily broken & easily reformed; help hold DNA bases together
6. Describe the different types of rxns: synthesis, decomposition, exchange, dehydration, & hydrolysis
synthesis rxns=A+BAB; involve bond formation & therefore energy storageenergy absorbed/used
decomposition rxns=ABA+B; bonds are broken & energy is released
exchange rxns=AB+CDAD+CB; therefore involve both bond formation & bond destruction
dehydration rnx=monomer + monomer=polymer
water
hydrolysis=polmer +water=monomer + monomer
7. What is the main difference b/t inorganic & organic compounds?
organic compounds contain Carbon
8. What are the unique characteristics of water?
high heat capacitycan absorb & release large amts of heat
polarity/solvent propertiesuniversal solvent;acts a transport exchange medium in the body
chemical reactivity H2O is a reactant in some chem rxns
9. Why are salts important? What do they become when dissolved in body fluids?
salts easily separate into their ions when dissolved in body fluidsdissociation
electrolytessubstances that conduct an electrical current in soln
10. In terms of protons what is the difference between an acid & a base?
acidssubst. that releases H+ ions when placed in H2O; proton donor
basessubst that releases OH- ions when placed in H2O; proton acceptor
11. Explain the relationship between H+ & OH- for acids & bases.
more H+=acidic & more OH-=basic
12. Why are buffers important?
subst/chem that maintain the pH of body fluids; acids are constantly being produced & have to be
removed from the body
13. What is the relationship between monomers & polymers?
monomers make up polymers
14. What are the f(x)s of carbs, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids?
carbs=main energy source & some structural support
lipids=energy storage, insulation, & protection
nucleic acids=store & transmit genetic info; contain info for producing proteins
proteins= structural support; movement; transport proteins; enzymes; buffering proteins;
coordination & control; antibodies, clotting proteins
15. Why is cholesterol an important component of the cell membrane?
allows cell memb to slide & change shape as needed
16. Be able to label/recognize the components of an AA. What is the importance of the R group?
R group makes ea amino acid unique
17. What are the f(x)s of fibrous & globular proteins?
fibrous proteinsstrandlike & also called structural proteins bc they most often appear in body
structures; stable
globular proteinsfunctional proteins bc they are involved in all biological processes
f(x) is determined by the presence of active sites on their surface that fit & interact w/other
molecules; mobile
18. Define catalyst; how do they work?-->substrate-active site
subst that increases the rate of a chem rxn w/o becoming part of the prod/being changed itself;
enzymes bind & hold the reacting molecules which are called substrates in place for chem interaction;
while bound the substrates undergo structural changes=new prod
19. What are the basic components of a nucleic acid?
3 parts: 5C sugar, phosphate grp, & N base
20. How does hemoglobin act both as a transport protein & a buffering protein?
hemoglobin carries O2 & CO2 throughout the body; it helps maintain blood pH by removing CO2
21. How can energy have both kinetic & potential properties?
potential energy-->energy is inactive/stored
kinetic energy-->energy that actually does work
energy is stored in the bonds that hold molecules together; when those bonds are broken, the energy
is released and is then available to do work.