Download 2.3 Guided Notes

Biology
Chapter 2.3 Guided Notes
I.
Carbon-Based Molecules
a. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.
i. Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other
carbon atoms.
ii. Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures.
1. straight chain
2. branched chain
3. ring
b. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together.
i. Monomers are the individual subunits.
ii. Polymers are made of many monomers.
c. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.
i. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
ii. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
1. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches.
2. Monosaccharides are simple sugars.
3. Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen.
4. Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells.
5. Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.
d. Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol.
i. Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.
ii. Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol.
iii. Lipids have several different functions.
1. broken down as a source of energy
2. make up cell membranes
3. used to make hormones
e. Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids.
i. saturated fatty acids
ii. unsaturated fatty acids
f. Phospholipids make up all cell membranes.
i. Polar phosphate “head”
ii. Nonpolar fatty acid “tails”
g. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
i. Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
ii. Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.
iii. Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
iv. Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.
v. Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.
h. Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids.
i. Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape.
ii. Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function.
i. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.
i. Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
ii. DNA stores genetic information.
iii. RNA builds proteins.
Biology
Chapter 2.3 Guided Notes
I.
Carbon-Based Molecules
a. Carbon atoms have unique ___________________ properties.
i. Carbon forms ____________________ bonds with up to four other atoms,
including other carbon atoms.
ii. Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures.
1. ________________________________
2. ________________________________
3. ________________________________
b. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together.
i. ________________________________ are the individual subunits.
ii. ________________________________ are made of many monomers.
c. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.
i. ________________________ are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
1. __________________________ include sugars and starches.
2. ________________________________ are simple sugars.
3. Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen.
4. Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells.
5. Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.
ii. _____________________ are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils,
and cholesterol.
1. Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.
2. Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol.
3. Lipids have several different functions.
a. broken down as a source of energy
b. make up cell membranes
c. used to make hormones
iii. Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids.
1. _________________________ fatty acids
2. _________________________ fatty acids
iv. Phospholipids make up all cell membranes.
1. Polar phosphate “head”
2. Nonpolar fatty acid “tails”
v. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
1. Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in
organisms.
2. Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.
3. Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in
organisms.
4. Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.
5. Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.
vi. Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids.
1. Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape.
2. Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function.
vii. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.
1. Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen
base.
2. DNA stores genetic information.
3. RNA builds proteins.