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What we Know about the Mothers of Invention’ Women’s Entrepreneurship Research: Past Trends, Future Directions Professor Anne de Bruin Presentation at Best of ESTRAD, 11 June 2007 Stockholm The Phenomenon of Women’s Entrepreneurship WOB are a significant and important presence in the world economy WOB is one of fastest growing populations of entrepreneurs around the world WOB contribute to innovation, employment, wealth, in all economies YET…. A continuing Gender Gap in academic research Research Perspectives: Chronology 1970’s -1980’s - Gender as a Variable 1990s - 2000’s Gender as a Lens A lens with which to conduct research not just a variable to measure Context and feminist perspectives important (Greene, Brush & Gatewood, 2006) Mitigating the Gender Gap Propose a new gender-aware framework to provide a springboard for future research and policy (de Bruin, Welter and Brush 2007) Extends existing framework of ‘3Ms’ of venture creation and growth: market, money, management to a ‘5M’ framework to enable the study of women’s entrepreneurship in its own right Women’s Entrepreneurship 5M Framework Assume that all entrepreneurship is socially embedded Explicitly explore this embeddedness through incorporation of two facets: ‘Motherhood’ - metaphor to represent the household/family context Draws attention to the fact that family/household contexts might have a larger impact on women than men ‘Meso’ and ‘Macro’ Environment to represent socio-economic and cultural context of entrepreneurship Interconnectedness of the 5 Facets Centre M’HER Spotlights ‘gender as a process integral to business ownership’ Top Venn Circle ‘Market’ Encapsulating also opportunity, the well-spring for all entrepreneurship. Bottom circles - Entry and survival in the market, requires money and management - enablers of opportunity exploitation Surround - Encompassing influences mediate and shape other facets e.g. macro social norms, gender socialization mediate M’Her or Market; sex segregated networks mediate Money etc. The Future Research Agenda 5 Questions 1. What Approaches should be used to study Women’s Entrepreneurship? 2. Do we need a Separate ‘theory’ of women’s entrepreneurship? 3. How can the Legitimacy of studying women’s entrepreneurship by elevated? 4. Should we build a separate Scholarly Community? 5. How do we grow Synergies between researchers, policy-makers and also women entrepreneurs themselves?