Download Midterm Outline

Biology Honors Midterm Outline
Part A: Multiple Choice (60 questions/60 points)
Part B: Free Response (40 points)
Important: please be aware that books & bags will not be permitted in the testing room. In addition,
programmable devices such as smartphones, ipods, etc are also not permitted & will be collected prior to
the exam. Please bring sharpened pencils & pens with you into the exam room. Students that report late
to the examination will NOT be afforded extra time.
I. Biology as a Science
1) Steps of the scientific method & experimental design (aspects of a controlled experiment).
2) Constructing, reading, & interpreting graphs.
3) Life processes: nutrition, transport, excretion, respiration, regulation, growth, & reproduction.
4) Tools of the Biologist:
a) Compound light microscope: know parts of the microscope & their function.
b) Electron microscopes
c) Microscope Calculations: determining total magnification, field diameter changes with increasing
magnification, converting mm to micrometers & vice-versa.
d) Lab techniques: chromatography, centrifugation, creating a wet mount, & applying stains.
II.
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3)
4)
Biochemistry
Atoms, elements, & compounds (organic vs inorganic).
Types of chemical bonds (ionic, hydrogen, & covalent (polar vs nonpolar covalent)).
Dehydration synthesis vs hydrolysis reactions.
Carbohydrates: sugars
a) Names end in –ose
b) 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O
c) Know the structures & chemical properties of simple sugars, disaccharides, & polysaccharides. Be
able to provide some examples of each.
d) Structural carbohydrates vs storage carbohydrates (function & examples of each).
5) Lipids: fats, oils, & waxes
a) Lipids are not considered polymers.
b) All lipids are nonpolar & hydrophobic molecules.
c) Know the structures, chemical properties, & functions of fats, phospholipids, & steroids.
6) Proteins:
a) Name end in -in
b) Parts of an amino acid (amino & carboxyl groups).
c) Peptide bonds (amino group to carboxyl group via dehydration synthesis).
d) Levels of protein organization (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary)
e) Protein functions(s) within the cell
7) Proteins as Enzymes: organic catalysts
a) Names end in -ase
b) Effects on the activation energy required for a chemical reaction.
c) Enzyme-substrate complex & enzyme specificity.
d) Factors affecting enzyme activity: pH, temperature, enzyme or substrate concentration.
e) Effects of enzyme denaturation on the rate of chemical reactions.
8) Nucleic Acids:
a) Know the structure & chemical properties of nucleotides (DNA vs RNA nucleotides)
b) Differences in structure & function of DNA & RNA
III. The Cell
1) Compare & contrast eukaryotes vs prokaryotes
2) Know the parts of the cell & their function: plasma membrane, nucleus & nucleolus, ribosome,
cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body, vacuoles, lysosome, centrosome, centrioles,
*chloroplast, *cell wall, *central vacuole (*plant cells only).
3) Cell Transport:
a) Structure of the plasma membrane
b) Simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, & active transport
 Be able to predict how substances migrate with respect to a concentration gradient in each of
the above mechanisms as well as the forms of energy required.
IV. Cellular Respiration
1) ATP = cellular energy (effect of phosphorylation on molecules)
2) General formula: C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H20 + 36ATP
3) Stages of Respiration: Glycolysis, Acetyl coA Formation, Krebs Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation (major
reactants & products)
4) Where does each stage of aerobic respiration occur within the cell?
5) Fermentation: alcoholic & lactic acid (major reactants & products)
V.
1)
2)
6)
3)
4)
Photosynthesis
General formula: 6CO2 + 6H20  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Stages of Photosynthesis: Light Reactions vs Calvin Cycle (major reactants & products of each stage)
Where does each stage of photosynthesis occur within the chloroplast?
Leaf anatomy: cuticle, epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, guard cells, & stomates.
Factors affecting photosynthetic rates.
VI.
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2)
3)
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5)
Cell Division: Mitosis
Asexual vs sexual reproduction.
DNA organization: DNA + protein = chromatin (major component of chromosomes)
Diploid (2n) vs haploid (n) cells.
Stages of the Cell Cycle: Interphase (G1,S,G2) & M Phase (PMAT & Cytokinesis)
Mitosis = division of body (somatic) cells only! (2n to 2n).
VI.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Cell Division: Meiosis
Meiosis = division to produce sex cells (gametes) only! (2n to n).
Occurs in gonads.
Characteristics of homologous chromosomes / tetrads
Stages of Meiosis: Meiosis I (interphase, prophase I (synapsis), metaphase I (independent assortment),
anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis). Meiosis II (prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II,
cytokinesis).
When during meiosis does genetic recombination (crossing over & independent assortment) occur?
What are the effects of genetic recombination? What is synapsis & when during meiosis does it occur?
What is disjunction & when during meiosis does it occur?
Karyotypes: picture of autosomes (44) & sex chromosomes (2) organized in homologous pairs. Type of
information provided by karyotypes (abnormal chromosome numbers, structural mutations).
Chromosomal Mutations: aneuploidy, deletions, duplications, inversions, & translocations.