Download Unit 6 Behaviorism

Unit 6
Learning and Behavior Analysis
Behaviorism
• Founded by John Watson (1878‐1958)
– The chief goal of psychology is “the prediction and
control of behavior”
• Dominated American psychology for nearly 50
years.
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Behaviorism
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Neural system
Neurotransmitters Endocrine systems
Genes
Environment
Free will？？
Hard to solve
Behavior
Easy to solve
Behaviorism
• But, how does the environment shape human
behavior?
– Classical conditioning
– Operant conditioning
• In the next hour, I’ll ask you to try to explain
these behaviors by the two conditionings.
– Caucasian models dominate the fashion industry
– The color of red attracts attention
– Anorexia nervosa
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Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
• Ivan Pavlov’s (1849‐1936) exp
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Classical Conditioning
• Ivan Pavlov’s (1849‐1936) exp
Classical Conditioning
• Processes of conditioning
Less
Efficient
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Classical Conditioning
• Processes of conditioning
Classical Conditioning
• Stimulus generalization
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Classical Conditioning
• Contingency is important
What is contingency?
• If A is contingent on B
– When B happens, A will happen
– When B doesn’t happen, A won’t happen
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Classical Conditioning
• Applications
Classical Conditioning
• Two stimuli can be paired, if they co‐occur
intensively.
– But can any two stimuli be equally paired?
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Classical Conditioning
• Biological constraints
– E.g, humans are biological prepared to fear
snakes, spiders.
– Taste‐aversion learning
• You would avoid some food, when you ate it before a
diarrhea
– With only one pairing
Operant conditioning
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Operant conditioning
• Law of effect
– A response leads to a satisfactory outcome
• You will continue doing it.
– A response leads to an unsatisfactory outcome
• You will avoid doing it
Operant conditioning
• B.F. Skinner’s exp
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Operant conditioning
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U1kj6_7x
4PY
Operant conditioning
• Reinforcement
– Positive
• Get a sticker when doing well
– Negative
• No spank when doing well
• Punishment
– Positive
• Get a spank when doing wrong
– Negative
• No sticker when doing wrong
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Operant conditioning
• Reinforcers
– Primary reinforcer
– Conditioned reinforcer
• Money, grades
Operant conditioning
• Learning theories and parenting？
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Operant conditioning
• Coercion model
– Children are at risk for antisocial behavior
• when their parents issue threats in response to small
misbehaviors
• Mulvaney & Mebert, 2007
– The more the chidren had been spanked early in
life
• The more likely they showed increases in aggressive
behavior at 36 months and first grade
Operant conditioning
• Shaping
– Break the ultimate goal into smaller steps
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Exercise • Can classical conditioning or operant
conditioning explain the following behaviors?
Exercise • The fashion industry is dominated by
Caucasian models.
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Exercise
• The color of red attracts attention more easily
than other colors.
Practice
• Anorexia nervosa
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Please keep in mind
• The exercises above were just examples. They
might be able to explained by theories other
than behaviorism.
• Psychology is a SCIENCE, any theory can be
proved or disproved by evidence provided.
Cognitive influence on learning
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Cognitive influence on learning
• Some learning can’t be explained by classical
conditioning or operant conditioning
– Cognitive map
• Training stage:
– The rat is exploring a maze
• Testing stage:
– The original route has been blocked
– The rat can find the shortest route
– Even this shortest route hasn’t been learned
Cognitive influence on learning
• Some learning can’t be explained by classical
conditioning or operant conditioning
– Conceptual behavior
• The concepts of “same” and“difference”
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Cognitive influence on learning
• Observational learning
– Albert Bandura’s experiment
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zerCK0lRjp8
Cognitive influence on learning
• Observational learning
– In 1977, a research team collected the TV‐
watching data of a group of 557 children.
– 15 years later, their aggressiveness was assessed
by the interviews with themselves and their
spouses (Huesmann et al., 2003)
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Cognitive influence on learning
• Observational learning
Summary
• What is classical conditioning?
– UCS, UR, CS, CR?
– Extinction? Spontaneous recovery?
– Contingency? Generalization?
• What is Operant condition?
– Reinforcement?
• Positive? Negative?
– Punishment?
• Positive Negative?
– Shaping?
• Can the two types of conditioning explain all
learning behaviour？
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